EEEP 3/2011
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Редакционен
коментар
И. Симеонов
3-4
I.
Човек и биосфера
Биологично
разнообразие
– концептуална рамка и теоретични основи
Нешо Чипев
5-18
Изкуствени
космически екосистеми. Проект космическа
оранжерия „СВЕТ”
Таня Иванова
19-28
II. Технологии
за пречистване
Изследване
възможностите за пречистване на води
чрез електрокоагулация и електродеструкция в условия на
анодно
разтваряне на
алуминиеви и железни електроди
Анна Симеонова, Атанас
Иванов
29-36
Кинетика
на растежа и
деградацията на фенол при Trichosporon
cutaneum R57
Златка Алексиева, Мария
Гергинова, Надежда Пенева
37-43
III. Възобновяеми
енергийни
източници и биогорива
Работа
при максимална
мощност на асинхронна машина с навит ротор за вятърен генератор
Владимир Лазаров, Захари
Зарков, Людмил Стоянов,
Димитър Спиров
44-52
Водородът –
енергия за
България
Александър Садовски
53-58
Възможност за
получаване на
биоетанол от отпадни малцови трици
Иво Ганчев, Силвия
Милева
59-66
IV. Биоинформатика и
биоавтоматика
Сравнително
изследване
на софтуерни
сензори за неизмерими променливи на анаеробното разграждане
на
органични отпадъци
Бойко Калчев,
Иван
Симеонов, Николай Христов
67-75
V. Лесобиология
Изследвания
на
института за гората върху структура, динамика и
възобновяване на
планински
горски екосистеми
Надежда Стоянова
76-80
БИОЛОГИЧНО РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ –
КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА РАМКА И ТЕОРЕТИЧНИ ОСНОВИ
Нешо Чипев
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY –
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THEORETICAL BASIS
Nesho Chipev
Summary. The paper
reviews the recent conceptual framework and the theoretical
background of the science of biodiversity. The dynamical
equilibrium model of biodiversity is presented, emphasising the
balance of different processes of increasing and loosing genes
and species, changes in the functional characteristics of
ecosystems and communities. The role of biodiversity in
ecosystem functioning and production of ecosystem services is
briefly discussed.
Key words: biodiversity,
dynamical equilibrium model, ecosystem functioning
ИЗКУСТВЕНИ КОСМИЧЕСКИ ЕКОСИСТЕМИ
ПРОЕКТ КОСМИЧЕСКА ОРАНЖЕРИЯ „СВЕТ”
Таня Иванова
ARTIFICIAL SPACE LIFE SUPPORT
SYSTEMS
Tania Ivanova
Abstract: Long distance
manned flights in the future spacecrafts, even to the nearest
planet Mars, will be impossible without an onboard artificial
self-regenerated biological system, which will guarantee at the
beginning at least partially the life of the crew. In these
systems will be realized the cycle of biogenic chemical
elements, the autonomous air and water purification, as well as
the food production. Bulgarian scientists started their work on
the design of artificial Biological Life Support System (BLSS)
for the manned missions to Mars, as well as for the outer space
research labs, long ago in the frame of the “Intercosmos”
program. They took part in the creation of the key element
“higher plants” - “an energy gate” of BLSS, developing unique
scientific instrumentation and biotechnology for conducting
long-term experiments with plants in space conditions. The first
in the world automated SVET Space Greenhouse for monitoring and
control of the environmental parameters was created. In the
period 1990-2000 onboard the MIR OS took place experiments with
different cultures proving the possibility plants to be used in
BLSS and the effectiveness of the design.
Key words: Biological
Life Support Systems, SVET Space Greenhouse, Manned Mission to
Mars
ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ ВЪЗМОЖНОСТИТЕ ЗА
ПРЕЧИСТВАНЕ НА ВОДИ ЧРЕЗ ЕЛЕКТРОКОАГУЛАЦИЯ И
ЕЛЕКТРОДЕСТРУКЦИЯ В УСЛОВИЯ НА АНОДНО РАЗТВАРЯНЕ НА
АЛУМИНИЕВИ И ЖЕЛЕЗНИ ЕЛЕКТРОДИ
Анна Симеонова, Атанас Иванов
STUDIES ON THE FEASIBILITY OF
WATER PURIFICATION BY ELECTROCOAGULATION AND
ELECTRODESTRUCTION USING ANODIC DISSOLUTION OF ALUMINIUM AND
IRON ELECTRODES
Anna Simeonova, Atanas Ivanov
Abstract: The present
article examined the potential use of aluminium and iron
electrodes for purification of water by electrocoagulation and
electrodestruction method. The behavior of the electrodes was
investigated in model water suspension (containing bentonite)
at different conditions of anodic dissolution. The
electrochemical processes were carried out at operating
current (I), ranging from 5 to 10 A; current density (J) -
291,38 and 582,7 A/m2; run time (t) - 8, 16 and 24 min. and
pollutant’s concentration – 5 and 10 g/dm3. The dissolution of
the electrodes was analyzed as well as their role in the
synthesis of Cl- ions using NaCl as an electrolyte. The
aluminium electrodes exhibited much better dissolution than
the iron electrodes which made them more applicable for
electrocoagulation. Highest Cl- concentrations (6,217 g/dm3)
were measured when using iron electrodes at 5 A operating
current, 8 min run time and 5 g/dm3 water pollution which
showed that the iron electrodes were more suitable for
electrodestruction. When using aluminium electrodes - 50,67 %
purification effect was reached by analyzing permanganate
index and when using iron electrodes - 62,5 % according to the
water color parameter.
Key words:
electrocoagulation, electrodestruction, aluminium electrodes,
iron electrodes, water purification
КИНЕТИКА НА РАСТЕЖА И ДЕГРАДАЦИЯТА
НА ФЕНОЛ ПРИ TRICHOSPORON
CUTANEUM R57
Златка Алексиева, Мария Гергинова, Надежда Пенева
GROWTH KINETICS AND DEGRADATION
OF TRICHOSPORON CUTANEUM R57
ON PHENOL
Zlatka Alexieva, Maria Gerginova, Nadejda Peneva
Abstract. The object of
this study is Trichosporon
cutaneum strain R57, which is distinguished by its
ability to degrade phenol at high concentrations (1 g/dm3) for a
very short time (16-18). Another advantage of the strain is his
quick adaptation when switching from glucose to gluconeogenic
substrate (phenol and / or acetate), included as a carbon source
in the culture medium. The growth and degradation
characteristics of Trichosporon
cutaneum R57 strain were investigated in different
synthetic and complete cultivation media suplemented with
phenol. The results showed that the specific growth rate (µ),
and the affinity to the substrate (Ks) with few exceptions,
remained similar values. Significant differences occured in the
limiting for strain phenol concentration of 1 g/dm3, where
theoretically calculated Ks reached about twice as high. This
may be due to the high toxicity of phenol and itd effect on the
general cell’s metabolism. Calculation of the maximum rate of
substrate utilization (Qmax) in the experiments showed that the
values of this parameter is maintained within an order of
magnitude 0,17-0,69 h-1, regardless of the conditions of
cultivation.The ability of strains to degrade other aromatic
compounds gives us reason to believe that the strain has good
research skills base to be used in biotechnologies for
wastewater treatment.
Key words:
Biodegradation, phenol, Haldane kinetics, yeast Trichosporon cutaneum
РАБОТА ПРИ МАКСИМАЛНА МОЩНОСТ НА
АСИНХРОННА МАШИНА С НАВИТ РОТОР ЗА ВЯТЪРЕН ГЕНЕРАТОР
Владимир Лазаров, Захари Зарков, Людмил Стоянов, Димитър Спиров
MAXIMUM POWER OPERATION OF WOUND
ROTOR ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE FOR WIND GENERATOR
Vladimir Lazarov, Zahari Zarkov, Ludmil Stoyanov, Dimitar Sprirov
Abstract: This paper
presents the modeling of wind energy conversion system with the
contiguous control system for maximum power extraction from the
available wind. A criterion for the control operation estimation
is selected and is applied in the simulation to asses the control
operation. The correct operation of the developed model and
control systems are confirmed by the simulation results.
Keywords: wind generators,
maximum power point tracking
ВОДОРОДЪТ – ЕНЕРГИЯ ЗА БЪЛГАРИЯ
Александър Садовски
HYDROGEN - ENERGY FOR BULGARIA
Alexander Sadovski
Abstract: The purpose
of this work is to identify and present the opportunities for
Bulgaria to use hydrogen as an energy source. Today's primary
energy sources are mostly non-renewable - coal, oil, natural gas
and conventional sources of nuclear energy. There are also
renewable sources such as falling water, solar radiation,
plants, manure, wind and geothermal sources. Theoretically, all
types of energy sources can be used in Bulgaria, but each has
its advantages and disadvantages or risks in terms of human
health impact, of environmental and economic perspective.
Still many governmental bodies and some of the scientific
community underestimated the threat to the ozone layer caused by
combustion processes and emissions from thermal power plants
(TPPs) and transport. The problem of global warming and the
preservation of the ozone layer will encourage Bulgaria to focus
efforts and resources for using hydrogen as an energy source.
The Black Sea is the world's largest body of water containing
H2S and hydrogen sulfide layer that begins about 200 meters
below the surface. The total supply of hydrogen sulfide in the
Black Sea is estimated at about 4.6 x 109 tons. Interest in that
reserve is manifested by the countries around the Sea - Turkey,
Ukraine, Romania, Russia, Bulgaria and Georgia. Methods for
extracting hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide are in development.
There are concerns that the increase of hydrogen sulfide in the
Black Sea may cause huge environmental disaster that can be
countered by its reduction and use.
Key words: Energy
sources, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Ozone, Black Sea,
Environmental protection.
ВЪЗМОЖНОСТ ЗА ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА
БИОЕТАНОЛ ОТ ОТПАДНИ МАЛЦОВИ ТРИЦИ (ОБЗОР)
Иво Ганчев, Силвия Милева
OPPORTUNITY FOR BIOETHANOL
PRODUCTION FROM WASTE BREWER'S SPENT GRAIN (А REVIEW)
Ivo Ganchev, Silvia Mileva
Abstract: Brewer’s
spent grain is the main by-product of brewing industry and an
attractive lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production
since it is one of the most abundant renewable resources. It has
several characteristics, such as high cellulose and
hemicelluloses content that can be readily hydrolyzed into
fermentable sugars. But there occur several challenges and
limitations in the process of converting brewer’s spent grain to
ethanol. One of the major challenges in developing technology
for bioethanol production from brewer’s spent grain is selection
of an appropriate pretreatment technique. The choice of
pretreatment methods plays an important role to increase the
efficiency of enzymatic saccharification thereby making the
whole process economically viable. The present review discusses
the available technologies for bioethanol production using
brewer’s spent grain.
Keywords: Brewers’
spent grain; Pretreatment; Enzymatic hydrolysis;Fermentation;
Bioethanol
СРАВНИТЕЛНО ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА СОФТУЕРНИ
СЕНЗОРИ ЗА НЕИЗМЕРИМИ
ПРОМЕНЛИВИ НА АНАЕРОБНОТО РАЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА ОРГАНИЧНИ ОТПАДЪЦИ
Бойко Калчев, Иван Симеонов, Николай Христов
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOFTWARE
SENSORS FOR UNMEASURABLE VARIABLES OF THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
OF ORGANIC WASTES
Boyko Kalchev, Ivan Simeonov, Nicolai Christov
Abstract. Various
deterministic and stochastic software sensors for estimating
unmeasurable variables – concentrations of bacterial populations
and intermediate substrates in the anaerobic digestion of
organic wastes, have been designed and characterized by computer
simulations. Тhe design has been made on the basis of nonlinear
process models of second order, using methane outflow rate as
the only online measured quantity. Realistic random and
deterministic model parameter perturbations have been taken into
account in the study.
Key words: anaerobic
digestion, software sensors, comparative study
ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ НА ИНСТИТУТА
ЗА ГОРАТА БАН ВЪРХУ СТРУКТУРА, ДИНАМИКА И ВЪЗОБНОВЯВАНЕ НА
ПЛАНИНСКИ ГОРСКИ ЕКОСИСТЕМИ
Надежда Стоянова
INVESTIGATIONS OF FOREST
RESEARCH INSTITUTE BAS OF STRUCTURE, DINAMICS AND
REGENERATION OF MOUNTAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
Nadezhda Stoyanova
Abstract. In the
present paper information of investigations in the stations of
Forest Research Institute bay BAS are described. They in the
Rila Mts and Stara planina are located. The specific noise of
biological investigations from difrent forest ecosystems are
described. Finally some conclusions of the work in the
mountain forests of FRI BAS stations are given.
Key words: forests,
biomass, P. abies, F. sylvatica, A. alba, P. syvestris, Rila
and Stara Mts.