Екологично инженерство и опазване на околната среда

РАЗПОЗНАВАНЕ НА ОБЕКТИ ВЪРХУ СПЪТНИКОВИ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ
Георги Желев, Милен Чанев
OBJECT RECOGNITION ON SATELLITE IMAGES
Georgi Jelev, Milen Chanev
Abstract: Remote sensing developed in the 1960s in connection with the rapid advancement of space research and the need to identify (interpret) objects on the Earth’s surface from the obtained imagery. The article discusses both the methods of remote sensing and the objects of interpretation. Image and object recognition is a pivotal process in data analysis, which involves the classification of elements into various categories. These can be classified according to different criteria, such as origin, size, and reflectivity, among others. Physical– mathematical and geographical factors serve as fundamental bases for classification. Interpretation can be general geographic, providing information about the Earth’s surface, or thematic, focusing on specific characteristics. The process of recognition and interpretation is essential for the numerous applications of remote sensing, including the analysis of land cover and the organisation of spatial data.Remote sensing was developed in the 1960s in connection with the intensive development of space research and the need to recognize (decipher) objects on the Earth's surface from the images obtained from them. Pattern and object recognition is a key process in data analysis and involves the classification of elements into different classes. They can be classified according to various criteria, such as origin, size and reflectivity, etc. Physicomathematical and geographical factors are considered as basic in classification.
Keywords: object recognition, satellite imagery, types of interpretation, computer vision, pattern recognition.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ НА ДИСТАНЦИОННИТЕ МЕТОДИ И ГЕОГРАФСКИ ИНФОРМАЦИОННИ СИСТЕМИ В ГОРСКАТА ЕКОЛОГИЯ
Михаела Цветкова, Милен Чанев, Николай Долапчиев
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING METHODS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN FOREST ECOLOGY
Mihaela Tsvetkova, Milen Chanev, Nikolay Dolapchiev
Abstract: In recent decades, remote sensing methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become essential tools for monitoring, modeling, and sustainably managing forest ecosystems. These technologies enable large-scale observation with high spatial and temporal resolution, significantly improving the assessment of biomass, forest health, wildfires, and anthropogenic impacts. This review presents the development of key satellite and aerial platforms (Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, LiDAR, UAV), vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, NDMI, NDRE, CCCI), and analytical approaches (machine learning, statistical modeling, integration of climate data). Leading international and Bulgarian studies are analyzed, major challenges are identified, and directions for future applications are proposed.
The results indicate that integrating remote sensing data with GIS and advanced artificial intelligence algorithms greatly enhances the accuracy of forest condition, structure, and productivity assessments. The findings emphasize the importance of improving model calibration through field validation and combining multiple data sources — optical, radar, and LiDAR. Overall, remote sensing and GIS technologies provide a sustainable and efficient framework for forest monitoring and management under the pressures of climate change and increasing human influence.
Keywords: remote sensing methods, forest ecology, vegetation indices, monitoring, forest health.

МОНИТОРИНГ НА СНЕЖНАТА ПОКРИВКА ЧРЕЗ САТЕЛИТНИ ДАННИ

Елена Анастасова, Милен Чанев, Емил Гачев

MONITORING SNOW COVER USING SATELLITE DATA

Elena Anastasova, Milen Chanev, Emil Gachev

Abstract: Snow cover is an important component of the cryosphere, playing a significant role in regulating the Earth's energy and water balance. According to IPCC AR6, in recent decades, as a result of rising average air temperatures, there has been a significant reduction in snow cover. These reduction trends are expected to intensify as climate warming continues. In a regional context, these changes have a direct impact on the hydrological cycle and the availability of freshwater, and have a significant effect on biodiversity and the socio-economic development of regions dependent on winter tourism. Remote sensing methods offer a valuable opportunity to monitor and analyze the dynamics of snow cover in mountainous regions. They are proving to be effective tools, allowing for systematic, rapid, and accurate spatial mapping of snow cover in vast and inaccessible areas. Among the most commonly used approaches for such mapping is the application of spectral indices, such as the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), which has established itself as a widely accepted and reliable method. This study is a literature review summarizing the main approaches, methodologies, and scientific contributions in the field of snow cover monitoring using satellite data.
Keywords: Satellite data, Snow cover, Landsat, NDSI, Sentinel-2.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В СВОЙСТВАТА НА МЕТАМОРФНИ ПОЧВИ (CAMBISOLS) В ЗАВИСИМОСТ ОТ НАДМОРСКАТА ВИСОЧИНА В ЗАПАДНИ РОДОПИ

Симеон Богданов, Севара Дарибаева, Павел Павлов

CHANGES IN PROPERTIES OF METAMORPHIC SOILS (CAMBISOLS) DEPENDING ON THE ALTITUDE IN THE WESTERN RHODOPES MOUNTAINS

Simeon Bogdanov, Sevara Daribayeva, Pavel Pavlov

Abstract. A particularly important part of Bulgaria's forest resources are natural, mainly coniferous forests in mountain ecosystems. They have important importance, performing not only economic, but also protective functions. Their distribution and condition are primarily related to the forest silvicultural properties of metamorphic soils. They are the typical mountain soils of the country. The paper presents results from a study of the differences in the properties of Brown Forest soils (Dystric-Eutric Cambisols) and Dark-colored Forest soils (Umbric Cambisols) depending on the change in altitude. It has been established that with increasing altitude, the intensity of mineralization of organic matter and the processes of chemical weathering decreases. All this causes the great depth of the humus-accumulative A-horizon at the expense of the metamorphic B-horizon, an increase in soil acidity, humus content and the relative share of fulvic acids.

Keywords: Cambisols, altitude, humus, nitrogen, C/N, pH.

АНАЛИЗ НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛНИТЕ ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕНИЯ НА ГОРСКИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ В УОГС „ПЕТРОХАН“

Калин Карамфилов, Славчо Савев

ANALYSIS OF THE FOREST FUNCTIONS IN THE TERRITORIES ON THE PETROHAN - TRAINING AND EXPERIMENTAL FOREST RANGE

Kalin Karamfilov, Slavcho Savev

Abstract. The concepts of forest functions in their interaction with ecosystem services are the basis of sustainable forest management. This publication aims to monitor the implementation of the goals set for the functional purposes. The defined groups of functional purposes are sufficiently detailed and reflect all aspects of forest management and correspond to the regulatory mechanisms that support the process of achieving a favorable conservation status of habitats. The planned silvicultural systems for the individual stands forming the habitats are determined depending on the formulated operational objectives. There is no mechanism for reimbursement of ecosystem benefits to forest owners. The functional purposes of the category of forests with high conservation value allow for the identification of "valuable" habitats in forest areas. The defined functional purposes can be the basis for a dialogue between the forestry sector and the public.

Keywords: forest function, sustainable management, ecosystem services.

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПЯСЪЧНИ ПОЧВИ (ARENOSOLS) ОТ РАЙОНА НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО ЧЕРНОМОРИЕ

Симеон Богданов, Пламен Глогов, Емил Станишев

STUDY ON SANDY SOILS (ARENOSOLS) FROM THE BULGARIAN BLACK SEA REGION

Simeon Bogdanov, Plamen Glogov, Emil Stanishev

Abstract. The Sandy soils (Arenosols) have a limited distribution in Bulgaria. They are found in the region of the Black Sea coast and along the Danube River, as well as inland on terraces of old and modern marine and lacustrine sediments. The aim of this work is to investigate some properties of Sandy soils (Arenosols) from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the context of the possibilities for the development of forest vegetation. Sample plots were made in four sample areas. They were determined depending on the distance from the seashore – from 200 to 1000 m. The results of the study of most soil indicators change in accordance with the distance between the site and the seashore, and the related features of the conditions for the development of vegetation and soil-forming processes. The silvicultural properties of Sandy soils are extremely limited due to their low nutrient content and undeveloped soil profile.

Keywords: Sandy soils, properties, forest vegetation.

РАЗВИТИЕ НА PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN VITRO ПРИ НЕТИПИЧНИ УСЛОВИЯ – В АНАЕРОБНА СРЕДА С МОЛЕКУЛЕН ВОДОРОД

Теодора Попова, Игнат Игнатов, Паунка Василева

DEVELOPMENT OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN VITRO UNDER ATYPICAL CONDITIONS - IN AN ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENT WITH MOLECULAR HYDROGEN

Teodora Popova, Ignat Ignatov, Paunka Vassileva

Abstract. In vitro studies were conducted on the possibilities of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of molecular hydrogen (H₂) in atypical conditions for this species, imitating those of the primary hydrosphere. Three strains of P. aeruginosa were used. For the formation of H₂ in the meat peptone broth culture medium, magnesium (Mg) was added to achieve a final H₂ concentrations of 1 ppm and 2 ppm. At the 24th hour from the start of cultivation, all tested P. aeruginosa strains showed growth, better expressed in the culture media with 2 ppm H₂ under anaerobic conditions. The growth was characterized by a slight turbidity of the liquid cultures and the formation of a slimy precipitate, which, when shaken, rises as a wide slimy band and is homogenized with abundant turbidity of the cultures. The results show the possibilities of P. aeruginosa growth in an environment typical of the primary terrestrial hydrosphere, as well as under atypical for this species conditions.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, H₂, anaerobic cultivation.

ИСТОРИЯ И ПРИНЦИПНИ НАСОКИ ЗА УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ОТПАДЪЦИТЕ В РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Светла Маринова, Елена Златарева

HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

Svetla Marinova, Elena Zlatareva

Abstract. The article provides an overview of waste management activities in the Republic of Bulgaria. Information is provided at the beginning of the consideration of composting problems. The fundamental issues of waste management, disposal methods, composting, composting factors, legislation, etc. are presented. The issues of composting sewage sludge from wastewater plant treatment stations, solid household waste, soil, etc. are also considered. The characteristics of the finished compost are also plant given, related to the physicochemical assessment and profitability requirements. The possibilities for home composting of waste are indicated, and issues related to composting methods, compost placement, processes during the winter and summer periods, etc. are considered. Waste disposal through biogas production is an important and current issue, which includes the production of energy from renewable energy sources and their integration into the transmission network. The main raw materials for biogas production and information about biogas itself, as a fuel gas obtained during organized anaerobic digestion of biological products in an anaerobic environment, are also listed.

Keywords: waste, composting, anaerobic digestion legislation, biogas.