Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ НА КОСМИЧЕСКИТЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЗА ИЗУЧАВАНЕТО НА ПРИРОДНИТЕ БЕДСТВИЯ
Гаро Мардиросян, Пламен Ангелов, Бойко Рангелов
APPLICATION OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE STUDY OF NATURAL DISASTERS
Garo Mardirossian, Plamen Angelov, Boyko Ranguelov
Abstract: The recent development of the aerospace technologies and all technical infrastructure related to it is a solid fundament of the use and practical applications to the risk and disaster management. The increased number of space missions, the massive drones use in all stages of the natural hazards prevention, early warning and post disaster studies influences the civil defense actions, population prevention and society protection in all aspects of the risk management theory and practice. The short physical explanations about the natural disasters and ecological catastrophes, short statistics and examples and descriptions of the main space and aero apparatuses are also in focus in this extended review of the possibilities and applications of the aerospace technologies for the study and implementation of this technology for the society prevention and prosperity.
Keywords: natural disasters, space technologies, earthquakes, floods, tropical cyclones, tsunamis, forest fires

ИЗПОЛЗВАНЕ НА СПЕКТРАЛНИ ИНДЕКСИ И КОМБИНАЦИЯ ОТ СПЕКТРАЛНИ КАНАЛИ В РАЗЛИЧНИ ЦВЕТОВИ МОДЕЛИ ЗА КАРТОГРАФИРАНЕ НА СПЪТНИКОВИ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ
Георги Желев, Милен Чанев
USING SPECTRAL INDEXES AND SPECTRAL CHANNELS COMBINATION IN DIFFERENT COLOR MODELS FOR SATELLITE IMAGERY MAPPING
Georgi Jelev, Milen Chanev
Abstract: This paper discusses the intended use of spectral index and color (RGB) composite images obtained by the SENTINEL-2 pair of satellites as part of the space segment of the European Copernicus Earth observation program. The characteristics of the spectral channels are presented for their application in environmental studies. Some of the most used composite and index images generated by the SENTINEL-2 spectral channels are described in more detail, as well as their main application in the analysis of object characteristics by remote sensing. It is found that the NDVI vegetation index is most widely used mainly in precision agriculture and forest monitoring. The color composite and index images generated by the SENTINEL-2 pair of satellites find application in modeling and analyzing different stages of development of various types of agricultural crops, as well as predicting their yields, tracking vegetation, detecting disturbances caused by abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic origin in forest areas. The data obtained by the SENTINEL-2 pair of satellites allow to assess the severity of burning in a given area, as well as the consequences of a fire and its size. This type of data also makes it possible to assess the degree of recovery after a fire in a given area. SENTINEL-2 data are also used for environmental monitoring and protection.
Keywords: Spectral Indexes, Channels Combination, Satellite Imagery, Remote Sensing, SENTINEL-2

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ НА ИЗКУСТВЕНИЯ ИНТЕЛЕКТ В АНАЕРОБНАТА БИОДЕГРАДАЦИЯ НА ОРГАНИЧНИ ОТПАДЪЦИ ЗА ПРОГНОЗИРАНЕ, МОНИТОРИНГ, ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ
Иван Симеонов
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ORGANIC WASTE FOR PREDICTION, MONITORING, OPTIMIZATION AND CONTROL
Ivan Simeonov
Abstract. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a process carried out by microorganisms that is widely used to convert various organic wastes into bioenergy (methane-rich biogas) and nutrient-rich residue (natural fertilizer). AD of organic waste mixtures (AcoD) offers several advantages such as better biodegradation and process stability, while increasing methane yield due to synergistic effects. However, the operation of an effective AcoD system requires a full understanding of important operating parameters such as co-substrate ratio, composition, volatile fatty acid/alkalinity ratio, organic loading rate, and solids retention time. Optimizing AD and AcoD processes, forecasting and management, and early detection of system instability are often difficult to achieve through tedious manual monitoring processes. Long-term and time-consuming experimental studies are also necessary.
A large number of papers on the mathematical modeling of AD and AcoD are known. The vast majority of these models are sets of ordinary nonlinear differential equations involving many unknown coefficients. Their exact determination for each specific case represents a complex problem to solve mainly because of the few measurable process variables. On the basis of such models, monitoring systems (software sensors) and automatic control of the AD and AcoD processes have been theoretically developed. However, most of them are very complicated and difficult to implement in industry.
Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as an innovative approach to the computer modeling and optimization of AD and AcoD processes. AI-based algorithms are ideally suited to capture the complex non-linear behavior of these processes. Compared to conventional methods and models, AI-based algorithms have made modeling these processes much easier. Various AI algorithms, including multivariate statistical analyses, tree-based machine learning, nature-inspired optimization, support vector machine, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been widely used to model the AD and AcoD processes. Research has successfully used stand-alone and hybrid ANMs to predict biogas yield and composition, as well as for efficient process monitoring and control. Furthermore, the development of advanced optimization algorithms, including genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization, helps to optimize the ratio of mixing of co-substrates in AcoD and important process parameters (ie, temperature, pH, retention time, total solids and volatile solids).
This review discusses AI applications for AD and AcoD process optimization, control, prediction of unknown input/output parameters, and real-time monitoring. A critical comparison is made with some of the popular mathematical models and algorithms for monitoring and optimization designed on their basis. The review presents also future research directions in this area.
Keywords: anaerobic biodegradation, mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence, machine learning, artificial neural networks, metaheuristics, optimization

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ НА ХИБРИДНА СИСТЕМА С ВЪЗОБНОВЯЕМИ ИЗТОЧНИЦИ НА ЕНЕРГИЯ ЗА ЗАХРАНВАНЕ НА ЖИВОТНОВЪДНА ФЕРМА – ЧАСТ I
Людмил Стоянов, Борис Евстатиев, Венелин Хубенов, Владимир Лазаров, Николай Михайлов, Иван Симеонов, Людмила Кабаиванова, Захари Зарков, Николай Вълов, Иван Бачев

RESEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR POWER SUPPLY OF LIVESTOCK FARM – PART I
Lyudmil Stoyanov, Boris Evstatiev, Venelin Hubenov, Vladimir Lazarov, Nicolay Mihailov, Ivan Simeonov, Lyudmila Kabaivanova, Zahari Zarkov, Nicolay Valov, Ivan Bachev

Abstract. The paper presents the scientific project № КП-06-Н77/4W of a hybrid system with renewable energy sources for power supply of a livestock farm fits into three areas, which are prioritized in the contemporary political, scientific and social life, namely: the use of renewable energy sources (RES), the provision of food for the world population and the utilization of various wastes. This is a three-year project and its initial results are also presented. The main objective of the project is to create a methodology for optimizing a hybrid system (HS) with renewable energy (stand-alone or grid-connected) for application in a livestock farm. The object of study is a HS including photovoltaic and wind generators, biogas and storage devices (SD) (batteries or hydrogen production, storage and use). The methodology will allow optimization of the power of the generators and the capacity of the SD. It will be possible to compare the efficiency of using non-traditional storage devices that use biogas or hydrogen with classical batteries. The objective will be achieved through the synergy of knowledge in four fields: technical sciences, microbiology, animal sciences and meteorology, with the main focus of the research in the field of technical sciences and microbiology. The feasibility of the methodology is ensured by carrying out the planned experiments. The purchase of specialized equipment is foreseen to improve the existing scientific infrastructure. A scientific team consisting of teams from three organizations: Technical University of Sofia, University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev” and “Stephan Angeloff” Institute of Microbiology – BAS, with complementary competences and experience has been formed to accomplish the project tasks.
Keywords: renewable energy systems (RES), hybrid system, biogas, anaerobic digestion, storage devices

АГРОЕКОЛОГИЧНИЯТ ПОДХОД КАТО ОСНОВА НА ПРЕЦИЗНОТО ЗЕМЕДЕЛИЕ
Любен Глогов, Александър Садовски

THE AGROECOLOGICAL APPROACH AS A BASIS OF RECISION AGRICULTURE
Liuben Glogov, Alexander Sadovski

Abstract: The article describes the possibilities of applying the agroecological approach as the basis of Precision Agriculture. The results of the implementation of the agroecological approach through engineering projects in selected modular units /agroecological brigades/ are presented. Multifactorial experiments with the nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and silicon (Si), and the new method of optimal fertilization allow to obtain actual possible yields of agricultural crops.
Keywords: Agroecology, multifactorial experiments, optimal fertilization, precision agriculture

МОНИТОРИНГ И ОЦЕНКА НА ПРИРОДНИТЕ МЕСТООБИТАНИЯ С ПРИРОДОЗАЩИТНА СТОЙНОСТ ПРЕДМЕТ НА ПАША В НАЦИОНАЛЕН ПАРК „ЦЕНТРАЛЕН БАЛКАН“
Славчо Савев
MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL HABITATS WITH CONSERVATION VALUE SUBJECT TO GRAZING IN THE CENTRAL BALKAN NATIONAL PARK
Slavcho Savev
Abstract. The current status of pasture resources is determined through habitat characterization, which includes monitoring and annual assessment of natural habitats subject to grazing. In all high-mountain natural habitats, more or less fragmentation was found as a result of the growth of alpine and boreal ericoid communities (4060). The reduction of the area of grassy habitats and the increase of juniper massifs lead to the reduction of pasture capacity. In the process of adapting the methodology for monitoring and evaluation, it was found that the sampling technique (taking field data) is time-consuming, and it was proposed to apply a smaller version of the reporting site of – 2×4 m, composed of of 32 nests with a size of 0.5×0.5 m and 8 pcs. cells in each nest. The adopted method is more accurate and sensitive and at the same time the subjective assessment is eliminated. The occurrence of species counted by cells and nests in the site of correlates with the abundance of the same species. The more often a species occurs in cells and nests in the reporting site, the higher its abundance in the phytocenosis.
Keywords: highland pastures, management, monitoring, assessment

АНАЛИЗ НА ЛЕСОРАСТИТЕЛНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА НА ЖЪЛТОЗЕМИ (ULTIC LUVISOLS) В ЮГОИЗТОЧНА БЪЛГАРИЯ
Симеон Богданов
ANALYSIS OF SILVICULTURAL PROPERTIES OF YELOW PODZOLIC SOILS (ULTIC LUVISOLS) IN THE SOUTHEAST BULGARIA
Simeon Bogdanov
Abstract. The Yelow Podzolic soils (Ultic Luvisols) have a limited distribution in the Southeast Bulgaria. Their formation in the conditions of alite-sialite type of weathering and soil formation determines their differences compared to all other soil types prevalent in the country. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the silvicultural properties of Yelow Podzolic soils as well as to establish the parameters of the individual bonitet groups in the qualitative classification of these soils. The results show a relationship between soil fertility and the development of natural deciduous forests. The planning of measures to restore and increase the productivity of forest ecosystems must be in accordance with the soil properties and requires the classification of soils based on their fertility.
Keywords: soils, silvicultural properties, forest stands.

ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ВИДОВИЯ СЪСТАВ ВЪРХУ ПОЧВЕНИТЕ УСЛОВИЯ В НАСАЖДЕНИЯ ОТ ЦЕР (QUERCUS CERRIS L.) И БЯЛА АКАЦИЯ (ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA L.)
Симеон Богданов, Павел Павлов, Бойка Малчева
SPECIES COMPOSITION INFLUENCE ON SOIL CONDITIONS IN STANDS OF TURKEY OAK (QUERCUS CERRIS L.) AND BLACK LOCUST (ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA L.)
Simeon Bogdanov, Pavel Pavlov, Boyka Malcheva
Abstract. The paper presents results of study on species composition influence on soil conditions in natural stands of Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris L.) and Black Locust (Robinia psaudoacacia L.). The soils of type Chernozems were studied in the Ludogorie region. They are situated in the Lower forest vegetation zone (0 – 600 m a. s. l.) of the Moesian forest vegetation area. The results showed insignificant difference in the content of soil organic matter and total nitrogen. Differences were found in the content of ammonia (NH₄ – N) and nitrate (NO₃ – N) nitrogen, as well as in pH and the amount of total microflora, which is a result of the specificity in the root system development of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.).
Key words: natural stands, Chernozems, soil properties.

СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ

Х. Найденски 3-4