Ðåäàêöèîíåí
êîìåíòàð
I. ×ÎÂÅÊ È ÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ
Ç.
Öâåòàíîâà, Ä. Äèìèòðîâ, Õ. Íàéäåíñêè
5-16
Ò. Ñåì÷èê, È. Êîðíèóø, Â.
Õîâîðóõà, Î. Òàøèðåâ
7-23
II. ÅÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÍÈ ÁÈÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ
Ð. Áóêóðåùëèåâà, Ò. Ñòàíêóëîâ, À. Ìîì÷èëîâ 24-33
Áèîâúãëåí
îò ðàçëè÷íè ïðåêóðñîðè îò áèîìàñà
Ê. Ìèòåâà, Ã. Ãåîðãèåâ, È. Ñòîé÷åâà, Í. Ïåòðîâ, Â. Ïåòðîâà, À. Ñàðáó, Á. Öèíöàðñêè
34-37
Äâóôàçíà àíàåðîáíà áèîäåãðàäàöèÿ íà
îðãàíè÷íè îòïàäúöè – îáçîð
È. Ñèìåîíîâ, Ë. Êàáàèâàíîâà, Å.
×îðóêîâà
38-56
III. ÐÀÄÈÀÖÈÎÍÍÀ ÅÊÎËÎÃÈß
Ïðèëîæåíèå
íà ðàçðÿäà â ïëúòåí ïëàçìåí ôîêóñ â
ðàäèîáèîëîãè÷íèòå èçñëåäâàíèÿ
Î. Ãåìèøåâ, Ñ. Çàïðÿíîâ, Â. Ãîëöåâ, Á. Ãàëóöîâ, À. Áëàãîåâ
57-66
IV. ÃÎÐÑÊÀ ÅÊÎËÎÃÈß È ÁÈÎËÎÃÈß
Åâðîïåéñêèÿò
çåëåí
ïàêò è ãîðèòå â ñâåòà
À. Àëåêñàíäðîâ, È. Èëèåâ
67-74
IV. ÍÀÓ×ÍÈ ÔÎÐÓÌÈ
Ñåäìà ìåæäóíàðîäíà
íàó÷íà êîíôåðåíöèÿ „Åêîëîãè÷íî èíæåíåðñòâî è îïàçâàíå íà
îêîëíàòà ñðåäà” (ÅÈÎÎÑ'2021) ñ ìëàäåæêà íàó÷íà ñåñèÿ è ëåòåí óíèâåðñèòåò
„Ìåëèññà”
Âàðíà,
30.09-03.10.2021 ã. 75-80
ÀÍÒÈÁÈÎÒÈÖÈ,
ÐÅÇÈÑÒÅÍÒÍÈ ÊÚÌ ÀÍÒÈÁÈÎÒÈÖÈ ÁÀÊÒÅÐÈÈ È ÃÅÍÈ ÇÀ
ÐÅÇÈÑÒÅÒÍÎÑÒ – ÇÀÌÚÐÑÈÒÅËÈ Ñ
ÍÀÐÀÑÒÂÀÙÎ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÅ ÇÀ ÏÎÂÚÐÕÍÎÑÒÍÈÒÅ È ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÍÎ
ÏÎÂËÈßÍÈÒÅ ÂÎÄÈ
Ç.
Öâåòàíîâà, Ä. Äèìèòðîâ, Õ.
Íàéäåíñêè
Zvezdimira Tsvetanova, Dimitar Dimitrov, Hristo Najdenski
Abstract. The
growing antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria is
considered as one of the main threats to human and animal
health. Despite the association of the problem mainly with
clinical pathogens, there is growing evidence of a
relationship with anthropogenic influence on the water. The
review examines the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance
among microbiomes in drinking, surface and wastewater and
water-related biofilms, and summarizes available data on the
content of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and
resistance genes as pollutants of growing importance to
aquatic ecosystems.
Keywords: antibiotics;
antimicrobial resistance; antibiotic resistant bacteria;
antibiotic resistance genes; natural waters; wastewater
ÈÇÑËÅÄÂÀÍÅ
ÍÀ ÃÀÇÎÎÁÌÅÍÍÀÒÀ ÔÓÍÊÖÈß ÍÀ ÁÅËÈÒÅ ÄÐÎÁÎÂÅ ×ÐÅÇ
ÌÀÒÅÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈ ÌÎÄÅË ÍÀ
ÔÓÍÊÖÈßÒÀ ÍÀ ÄÈÕÀÒÅËÍÀÒÀ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
Ò.
Ñåì÷èê, È. Êîðíèóø, Â. Õîâîðóõà,
Î. Òàøèðåâ
Tetiana Semchyk, Iryna
Korniush, Vira Hovorukha, Oleksandr Tashyrev
Abstract. Respiratory
system diseases are among the most dangerous for human
life. Pathologies of the respiratory system appear due
to environmental pollution, the spread of epidemics,
etc.. To predict the course of pathological processes,
the body's response to various influences of external
extreme conditions, there is a strong need to develop
the imitational mathematical models, which can provide
the opportunity for the fast selection of the necessary
optimal breathing mode. The
goal
of the work was to develop the imitational mathematical
model to prognose and regulate the state of the
respiratory system of the organism under the indignation
of the environment. To
study the mechanisms of self-regulation and adaptation
of the body to disturbances of the external or
internal environment, a mathematical model of the
functional respiratory and circulatory system was
developed. The dynamics of the partial pressures and
stresses of the respiratory gases in the structures of
the body was described by a system of ordinary
differential equations. The principles of material
balance and continuity of the flow were used to
construct them. The structure of the model considered
several reservoirs of the alveolar space, each of
which was connected to the environment by a separate
section of the airways and was washed by the
corresponding volume of blood in the pulmonary
capillaries. On the basis of the mathematical model of
the functional respiratory system, an imitational
mathematical model of the gas exchange process in the
lungs has been developed and investigated. The model
took into account the role of the elasticity and the
resistance of the lung structures in the formation of
the nature of the gas exchange process under various
modes of external respiration. The results of the
research will allow to accelerate the selection of the
optimal breathing mode to achieve a stable balance of
the internal and the external environment of the body.
Keywords:
imitational mathematical
modeling, the elasticity and the resistance of the
lung structures, the gas exchange
ÂÚÃËÅÐÎÄÍÈ
ÊÀÒÎÄÍÈ ÊÀÒÀËÈÇÀÒÎÐÈ, ÈÇÏÎËÇÂÀÍÈ Â ÌÈÊÐÎÁÈÀËÍÈ
ÃÎÐÈÂÍÈ ÊËÅÒÊÈ ÇÀ ÏÐÅ×ÈÑÒÂÀÍÅ ÍÀ
ÎÒÏÀÄÍÈ ÂÎÄÈ È ÂÚÇÑÒÀÍÎÂßÂÀÍÅ ÍÀ ÅÍÅÐÃÈß
Ð.
Áóêóðåùëèåâà,
Ò. Ñòàíêóëîâ, À. Ìîì÷èëîâ
CARBON-BASED CATHODE CATALYSTS USED IN MICROBIAL
FUEL CELLS FOR
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND ENERGY RECOVERY
Reneta
Boukoureshtlieva, Toma
Stankulov, Anton Momchilov
Like
chemical fuel cells, MFCs are composed of anode and cathode.
Oxygen is an ideal electron acceptor for MFCs because of its
high redox potential, availability, and sustainability.
However, the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) is kinetically
sluggish, resulting in a large proportion of potential loss.
Also,
working conditions are quite different because of the type
of complex media in which MFCs operate. In order to overcome
these limitations, catalysts are often used to lower the
overpotentials and accelerate the kinetics of the oxygen
reduction reaction. One of the main challenges is the development of
efficient and stable cathode catalysts for MFCs. By far, Pt
and Pt-based catalysts (PGMs) have been extensively used, due to their
catalytic efficiency in gas-diffusion electrodes. But the high
cost and low durability have significantly lowered their
utilization in MFCs.
A variety of non-precious
metal catalysts have been developed for MFC applications
including carbon-based catalysts, carbon supported composite
catalysts, Me-based catalysts and biocatalysts. It is
supposed that the ORR catalyst used for wastewater treatment
in MFCs is simple to synthesize, cost-effective, durable
after long-term operation in wastewater, tolerant to
poisoning and able to restore catalytic activity after
cleaning. In this regard carbon-based catalyst may be the
most promising candidate for practical applications. This
study reviews different carbon-based ORR catalysts for MFC
applications for wastewater treatment and energy recovery.
Keywords: Carbon-based ORR catalysts,
Microbial fuel cells, wastewater treatment.
ÁÈÎÂÚÃËÅÍ
ÎÒ ÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÈ ÏÐÅÊÓÐÑÎÐÈ ÎÒ ÁÈÎÌÀÑÀ
Ê.
Ìèòåâà, Ã. Ãåîðãèåâ, È. Ñòîé÷åâà,
Í. Ïåòðîâ, Â. Ïåòðîâà, À. Ñàðáó, Á. Öèíöàðñêè
Kalina Miteva, Georgi Georgiev, Ivanka
Stoycheva, Nartzislav Petrov, Bilyana Petrova, Andrei Sarbu,
Boyko Tsyntsarski
Abstract: Thermochemical
conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is considered as a
good opportunity to obtain liquid raw materials for biofuels
and biochemicals. During this pyrolysis process a solid
product, biocarbon, is obtained. Nowadays there is a growing
interest in biocarbon, due to the potential benefits of its
application in soil as a stimulant and CO2 trap.
The physicochemical and porous properties of biocarbon are
suitable for development of effective and inexpensive
sorbents for the removal of contaminants from water.
Biocarbon has promising sorption properties for various
pollutants in water, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Banana and orange peels, as
well as cocoa flakes, were used as precursors. The
carbonization was carried out at temperatures from 500 ° C
to 900 ° C. Some of the samples were subjected to physical
and chemical activation. The obtained carbon adsorbents are
characterized by adsorption of iodine, BET, etc.
It is planned to study the possibilities for the successful
application of the obtained carbon materials as adsorbents
for water and air purification, catalysts, hydrogen depots,
etc.
ÄÂÓÔÀÇÍÀ
ÀÍÀÅÐÎÁÍÀ ÁÈÎÄÅÃÐÀÄÀÖÈß ÍÀ ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÍÈ ÎÒÏÀÄÚÖÈ – ÎÁÇÎÐ
È.
Ñèìåîíîâ, Ë. Êàáàèâàíîâà, Å.
×îðóêîâà
Abstract.
Anaerobic digestion is a biotechnological
process, in which microorganisms degrade the complex organic
matter to simpler components under anaerobic conditions to
produce biogas and fertilizer. This process has many
environmental benefits, such as green energy
production, organic
waste treatment, environmental
protection and greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
It has
long been known that the two main communities of
microorganisms (acidogenic and methanogenic) taking part in
the anaerobic digestion differ in many aspects e.g. their
optimal conditions for cell growth and development.
Therefore, the anaerobic digestion in a single bioreactor
(BR) (single-phase process) required selected optimal
conditions, taking into account the slow-growing methanogens
at the expense of fast-growing acidogens, which affects the
efficiency of the whole process. This has led in recent
years to development of two-stage anaerobic digestion, in
which the processes are divided into a cascade of two
separate BRs. It is known that this separation of the
processes into two consecutive BRs leads to significantly
higher energy yields for the two-phase system (H2
+ CH4), compared to the traditional single-stage
CH4 production process.
The present
paper
aims to review the literature in the field of two-stage anaerobic digestion
of organic wastes.
Keywords:
two-stage
anaerobic digestion, hydrogen,
methane, mathematical models
ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈÅ
ÍÀ ÐÀÇÐßÄÀ  ÏËÚÒÅÍ ÏËÀÇÌÅÍ ÔÎÊÓÑ Â ÐÀÄÈÎÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÍÈÒÅ
ÈÇÑËÅÄÂÀÍÈß
Î.
Ãåìèøåâ, Ñ. Çàïðÿíîâ, Â. Ãîëöåâ,
Á. Ãàëóöîâ, À. Áëàãîåâ
Abstract. The purpose of
this short review article is to present the results of the
influence of the ionizing X-ray pulses of plasma
focus on living organisms, by performing experiments in vivo and
analyzing changes in some vital characteristics of
the objects, such
as survival ability, efficiency of photosynthesis of
unicellular organisms at moderate doses (up to 65 mSv);
efficiency of enzyme production, change in protein content
and change in fungi mass in the radiation dose range 7 mSv ÷
45 Sv; changes in mammalian blood characteristics and
appearance of signs of anemia due to the significant dose
load.
Keywords: Plasma
focus, X-ray radiation, radiobiology studies
ÅÂÐÎÏÅÉÑÊÈßÒ
ÇÅËÅÍ ÏÀÊÒ È ÃÎÐÈÒÅ Â ÑÂÅÒÀ
À.
Àëåêñàíäðîâ, È. Èëèåâ
THE EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL AND THE FORESTS IN THE WORLD
Alexander
H. Alexandrov, Ivan Iliev
Abstract.
The Green Pact of the European Union is part of the
United Nations' programme of sustainable development to
2030. To implement this pact, it is necessary to transform
the European Union's economy with a view to protect and
restore endangered and damaged natural ecosystems,
sustainably use resources, and improve people's health
status. For this purpose, it has been envisaged to stabilize
climate by reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases by 55%
up to 2030, as compared with their levels of 1990. Changes
are necessary in emission trade, land use and forestry.
Forests are particularly important for realizing the Green
Pact because of their multi-functionality. The following,
most general inferences can be made about the world forests
intended to perform their resource-providing, environmental
and social functions:
- The
world area of forests has continued diminishing in the
recent 10 years by 4.7 million ha per year as an average as
the rate of forest loss has been abating due to the
expansion of the forests in Asia and Europe. The
deforestation for the period from 2015 to 2020 occurred at
the rate of 2 million ha per year with a trend as to
abatement.
- The forests in Africa are the
most vulnerable ones, in terms of their area, as their
reduction already surpasses that in South America. The
deforestation in South America from 2010 to 2020 decreased
to the half of that in the period 1990-2000 and
2000-2010.
-
Sustainable forest management requires contemporary
forest-management planning and forestry but, only for half
of their total area there are forest-management plans. This
planning activity has been carried out almost completely in
Europe only, whereas its
proportions in terms of forest area are 2/3 – in Asia, 1/2 – in North and Central
America, and only 1/3 – in Oceania, 1/4 – in Africa and 1/6 – in
South America. Without total forest-management planning, it
is impossible to realize the multi-functional, sustainable
management of forests.
- The
proportions of forests for harvesting timber and non-timber
products, for preservation of the soil and water, for
conservation of the biodiversity, and for social benefits
and other purposes, in the particular continents, have not
been sufficiently well-founded scientifically, hence. the
need for optimizing these in congruity with the human needs
determined in consideration with the on-going climate
changes and the current socioeconomic factors.
- The
European Green Deal is, to a certain extent, a continuation
of previous polices partly formulated in the last decades of
the 20-th century and improved by means of modern philosophy
and technology suggesting a new approach to reasonable
taking of what is sufficient while harvesting resources.
Keywords: European
Green Pact, World forests