EEEP 3-4/ 2022

СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ

       Редакционен коментар

Х. Найденски                     3-4

I. ЧОВЕК И БИОСФЕРА

Силиций елементът на здравето за растенията и човека

И Атанасова, З. Петкова, А. Садовски               5-12

Изграждане на електрическа инфраструк­тура в близост до местообитания на защи­тени видове птици – Част II. Съществу­ващи практики и правила

Г. Стоилов, Н. Николов, Д. Стоилов                13-28

II. ВЕИ И БИОГОРИВА

Биогаз и биогазови технологии. Част 1. Въведение и съвременно състояние

И. Симеонов                   29-44

III. ГОРСКА ЕКОЛОГИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ

Почви в естествени иглолистни гори в България

С. Богданов                      45-55

Оценка на почвеното плодородие при отглеждане на арония (Aronia Melanocarpa) в горски територии

С. Савев, С. Богданов                       56-62

Влияние на горските култури върху лесорастителните свойства на почви засегнати от горски пожари

С. Богданов                           63-67

IV. ЕКОЛОГИЧНО И УСТОЙЧИВО ЗЕМЕДЕЛИЕ

Към въпроса за агроекологичното райониране на България

       М. Иванова, А. Садовски                         68-76

      V. РАДИАЦИОННА ЕКОЛОГИЯ

Устройство за пълнене на дюаров съд за HPGe детектор

Н. Петров, Н. Гутев, Х. Протохристов, С. Генчев, Н. Лаков, Д. Тонев                  77-81

VI. ЮБИЛЕИ

50 години България космическа държава

Т. Иванова                   82-88

25 години Национално дружество Еколо­гично инженерство и опазване на околната среда                      89-91

Луи Пастьор – живот и научно творчество отдадени на човечеството (посвещава се на 200 годишнината от неговото рождение)

Х. Найденски                          92-103

Проф. Александър Садовски на 85 години                105-106

VII. НАУЧНИ ФОРУМИ

Летен университет MELiSSA, 16-20 май 2022, София        106-107

Настояще и бъдеще на затворените живото­поддържащи системи – Конференция на Фондация MELiSSA и Европейската космическа агенция              108-109

VIII. НОВИ КНИГИ

Предизвикателства пред кръговата иконо­мика и устойчив живот в Космоса и на Земята“
        –
Бяла книга, съвместно издание на Европейския съвет за иновации и Европей­ската космическа агенция                   110-118















 











 


СИЛИЦИЙ - ЕЛЕМЕНТЪТ НА ЗДРАВЕТОЗА РАСТЕНИЯТА И ЧОВЕКА

Ирена Атанасова¹, Здравка Петкова¹, Александър Садовски²

¹ ИПАТРЗ "Н. Пушкаров"

² МАНЕ

SILICIUM – THE ELEMENT OF PLANT AND HUMAN HEALTH

Irena Atanassova¹, Zdravka Petkova¹, Alexander Sadovski²

¹ ISSATPP "N. Poushkarov"

² IEAS/EUROPE

Abstract: The article presents a new view of the element silicon (Si) as important for plant and human health. It is the second most abundant element in the earth after oxygen. Until now, it has been considered a "non-useful plant nutrient", but its absence in the soil leads to the death of plants. Based on field fertilizer experiments with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon derived with maize on two contrasting soils in Bozhurishte and Tsalapitsa, and laboratory analyzes of soluble and exchangeable silicon in soils, it is concluded that silicon is an important factor related to maximum productivity and the resistance of plants to adverse environmental factors. A review of extensive literature testifies to the importance of silicon to human health and its normal content in the human body is the natural key to full-fledged health. Silicon compounds have been found to be able to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and block aluminum toxicity. The need for agrochemical analysis of silicon in the soil along with other essential nutrients is emphasized.

Keywords: silicon, field experiment, agrochemical analysis, health, Alzheimer's disease.


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ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА ЕЛЕКТРИЧЕСКА ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА В БЛИЗОСТ ДО МЕСТООБИТАНИЯ НА ЗАЩИТЕНИ ВИДОВЕ ПТИЦИЧАСТ II. СЪЩЕСТВУВАЩИ ПРАКТИКИ И ПРАВИЛА

Георги Стоилов¹, Никола Николов², Димо Стоилов²˒³

¹ Консултант по енергетика

² Технически университет – София

³ Институт за ядрени изследвания и ядрена енергетика, Българска академия на науките

CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE NEAR THE HABITATS OF PROTECTED BIRD SPECIES – PART II. EXISTING PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS

Georgy Stoilov¹, Nikola Nikolov², Dimo Stoilov²˒³

¹ Energy consultant

² Technical University of Sofia

³ Institute for Nucleare Researches and Nucleare Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Abstract: The article is the second one in a series dedicated to the problems on building and securing electrical infrastructure near the habitats of protected bird species. This second article outlines the existing practices and regulations regarding the operation, construction and improvement of electrical networks from point of view of the protection of large bird species and their habitats. An analysis of these practices and regulations is performed, and possible measures for their improvement are proposed. Gaps have been identified, which are largely related to the lack of synergy between the separately introduced measures, which are mainly of a recommendatory nature.

Keywords: electrical infrastructure, electrical power lines, securing, impacts on birds, practices, regulations..

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БИОГАЗ И БИОГАЗОВИ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, ЧАСТ 1. ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ И СЪВРЕМЕННО СЪСТОЯНИЕ
Иван Симеонов

Институт по микробиология „Стефан Ангелов“ – БАН

BIOGAS AND BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES, PART 1. INTRODUCTION AND STATE OF THE ART

Ivan Simeonov
T
he Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Abstract. This paper is the first part of a series of articles on the anaerobic digestion of organic waste. It presents: the biochemistry and microbiology of the main processes based on the basic four-step scheme; main physico-chemical factors affecting these processes (temperature, ph, etc.); advantages and disadvantages of biogas technologies; the current level of development of biogas technologies and its potential. Some perspectives for further development of biogas technologies are also mentioned.

Keywords: anaerobic biodegradation, biogas, methane, biogas technologies

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ПОЧВИ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНИ ИГЛОЛИСТНИ ГОРИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Симеон Богданов
Лесотехнически университет, София

SOILS OF NATURAL CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN BULGARIA

Simeon Bogdanov
Forestry University, Sofia

Abstract. Soil fertility is a major factor for the existence, development and normal functioning of forest ecosystems. The natural coniferous forests are an important part of the Bulgarian forest resources. They provide fundamental protection of soil and water resources as well as multiple ecosystem services, cultural and spiritual values. The paper presents the characteristics of the main soil types in natural coniferous forests on the territory of Bulgaria. The forest vegetation and the forest soils are in constant interaction. The analysis of this interaction determines the directions for restoration, protection and improvement of soil fertility, as a condition for increasing the productivity of plantations and rational use of forest resources.

Keywords: forest soil, soil properties, coniferous forests.

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ОЦЕНКА НА ПОЧВЕНОТО ПЛОДОРОДИЕ ПРИ ОТГЛЕЖДАНЕ НА АРОНИЯ (ARONIA MELANOCARPA) В ГОРСКИ ТЕРИТОРИИ

Славчо Савев, Симеон Богданов

Лесотехнически университет, София

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY IN ARONIA (ARONIA MELANOCARPA) GROWING IN FOREST AREAS

Slavcho Savev, Simeon Bogdanov

Forestry University, Sofia

Abstract. Aronia melanocarpa is naturally distributed in the forest belt on dry and stony soils in open and light areas in the temperate zone of eastern North America. In the conditions of the forest territories in Bulgaria, it is grown in plantations in different parts of the country. Cultivation of aronia in forest areas is directly related to the soil characteristics. The paper presents an analysis of soil fertility in accordance with the specific requirements of the Aronia melanocarpa species, as a basis for analyzing the effective use of soil resources as a means of production in forestry. The object of the study are plantation of Aronia melanocarpa. Soil depth, content of humus, total nitrogen, soluble forms of phosphorus and potassium, soil available water, pH and soil texture have been determined for assessment of soil fertility. The results show a relation between soil fertility and the productivity of Aronia melanocarpa forest plantations. Restoring and increasing the productivity of forest plantations must be in accordance with soil characteristics and requires differentiation of the soils on the base of their fertility in each specific region.
Keywords
: Aronia melanocarpa, forest plantation, soil fertility.

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ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ГОРСКИТЕ КУЛТУРИ ВЪРХУ ЛЕСОРАСТИТЕЛНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА НА ПОЧВИ ЗАСЕГНАТИ ОТ ГОРСКИ ПОЖАРИ

Симеон Богданов

Лесотехнически университет, София

 FOREST PLANTATION INFLUENCE ON SILVICULTURAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AFFECTED BY FOREST FIRES

Simeon Bogdanov

Forestry University, Sofia

Abstract. The forest fires cause destruction of vegetation and soil degradation. Coniferous forests, and in particular, coniferous stands of black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) in the lower parts of the country are the most often affected. The lack of conditions for successful natural restoration of the forest in these stands, it is necessary to be made artificial afforestation. The paper presents results from investigation on forest plantation influence on silvicultural properties of soils affected by forest fires in Bulgaria. Gray Forest soils (Gray Luvisols) and Cinnamonic Forest soils (Chromic Luvisols) have been investigated. The sample plots are set up in forested and unforested control areas. They are correspondingly situated in the Lower forestry zone (0 – 600 m) of the Misian forestry area and the Lower forestry zone (0 – 700 m) of the Tracian forestry area.  It has been established that the improvement of soil fertility depends to the greatest extent on the accumulation of organic matter under the tree stands and its transformation, which provides the reserves of humus, nitrogen, and soil available water.
Keywords
: forest fire, soil, forest plantation.
 

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КЪМ ВЪПРОСА ЗА АГРОЕКОЛОГИЧНОТО РАЙОНИРАНЕ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Мария Иванова¹, Александър Садовски²

¹ ИПАТРЗ "Н. Пушкаров"

² МАНЕ

TO THE ISSUE OF AGROECOLOGICAL ZONING OF BULGARIA

Maria Ivanova¹, Alexander Sadovski²

¹ ISSATPP "N. Poushkarov"

² IEAS/EUROPE

Abstract: The present study proposes a new approach to the agroecological zoning of the country, which is based on the yield of agricultural crops as an integrating indicator of the many factors - soils, climate, topography, agricultural practices, etc. The research data is based on the average yields of the main crops: wheat, barley, maize and sunflower for the period 2000-2019 by statistical regions. The method for the agroecological zoning of Bulgaria based on the average yields of the specified main crops uses the computer systems Precisely MapInfo and Golden Software SURFER. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the soil and climatic conditions in the regions of Northern Bulgaria (mostly the regions of the North-Central and North-East regions) and those of the South-East region of South Bulgaria are the most suitable for growing wheat. For maize, these are the regions of Northern Bulgaria - mainly the regions of the North-Central and North-Eastern regions, and of Southern Bulgaria - the South-Central region. Northern Bulgaria and the South-Eastern region of Southern Bulgaria are suitable for growing barley. The regions of Northern Bulgaria and especially the regions of the North-West and North-East regions are suitable for sunflower.

Keywords: agroecological zoning, yields, wheat, barley, maize, sunflower.


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УСТРОЙСТВО ЗА ПЪЛНЕНЕ НА ДЮАРОВ СЪД ЗА HPGe ДЕТЕКТОР

Николай Петров¹, Николай Гутев¹, Христо Протохристов¹, Стефан Генчев¹, Николай Лаков², Димитър Тонев¹

¹ Институт за ядрени изследвания и ядрена енергетика, Българска академия на науките

²Минно-геоложки университет „Св. Иван Рилски“

 A SETUP FOR FILLING OF HPGe DETECTOR DEWARS

Nikolai Petrov¹, Nikolai Gutev¹, Hristo Protohristov¹, Stefan Genchev¹, Nikolay Lakov², Dimiter Tonev¹

¹ Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

² University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”

Abstract: The most advanced analytical instrument of modern radioecology is the gamma spectrometer with High Purity Ge Detector (HPGe) used for identification of radioisotopes. The HPGe detector works at very low temperatures cooled by a cryostat immersed in a Dewar vessel with liquid nitrogen. Warming of the detector can lead to ireparable damage. Therefore, a reliable liquid nitrogen level is kept in the vessel by regular refilling. This labourious and dangerous activity is avoided by refilling automation. The proposed device generates pressure in a feed Dewar by heating and evaporating liquid nitrogen. The pressure transfers the cooling agent from the feed Dewar to the HPGe Dewar and continuously kept a preset operating level. The device provides reliable operation of HPGe detectors and other equipment and instruments cooled by liquid nitrogen and used in radioecology, biology, medicine, agricultural sciences, space research, etc.
Keywords
: HPGe detector, liquid nitrogen cooling, Dewar filling

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50 ГОДИНИ БЪЛГАРИЯ КОСМИЧЕСКА ДЪРЖАВА
Таня Иванова
Институт за космически изследвания и технологии, Българска академия на науките
Резюме: Програмата „Интеркосмос” даде на България уникалната възможност да участва в космически изследвания със собствена научна апаратура. На 1 ноември 1969 г. към Президиума на Българската академия на науките е създадена Група по физика на космоса от млади специалисти, ръководена от академиците Л. Кръстанов и К. Серафимов. Изключителна задача на групата е да проектира първата българска космическа апаратура. На 1 декември 1972 г. на борда на спътника „Интеркосмос-8“ успешно е изстрелян първият български космически прибор (П-1) за директно измерване на параметрите на йоносферната плазма и България става 18-та страна в списъка на „космическите държави“. До края на 1981 г. на борда на спътниците „Интеркосмос-12, 14 и 19”, „Интеркосмос-България-1300” и геофизичните ракети „Вертикал-3, 4, 6, 7 и 10“ са изстреляни голям брой български сондови апарати за директно изследване на йоносферата и горната атмосфера.
Ключови думи:
програма Интеркосмос, спътник “Интеркосмос-8”, космическа сонда, йоносферна плазма.

50 YEARS BULGARIA SPACE COUNTRY
Tania Ivanova

Space Research and Technology Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Abstract: The “Intercosmos” program gave Bulgaria the unique opportunity to participate in space research with its own scientific equipment. On 1 November 1969, a Group of Space Physics with young professionals, headed by the academicians L. Krastanov and K. Serafimov, was created to the Presidium of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Its exceptional task was to design the first Bulgarian space equipment. On 1 December 1972, the first probe device (P-1) for direct measurement of ionosphere plasma parameters was launched successfully onboard the satellite “Intercosmos-8”, and Bulgaria became the 18-th country on the list of “space states”. By the end of 1981, a large number of Bulgarian probe equipment for direct study of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere were developed and launched onboard the satellites “Intercosmos-12, 14 and 19”, “Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300” and the geophysical rockets “Vertical-3, 4, 6, 7 and 10”.

Keywords: Intercosmos Program, “Intercosmos-8” satellite, space probe device, ionosphere plasma

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