ЕЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИ АКТИВИРАНА ВОДА – ОБЗОР
С. Караджов, Д. Механджиев, Т. Попова, Р. Тошкова, Л. Димитрова, П. Василева, И. Николова, И. Игнатов, Г. Глухчев
S. Karadzov¹, D. Mehandjiev², T. Popova³, R. Toshkova⁴, L. Dimitrova⁵, P. Vassileva², I. Nikolova⁵, G. Gluhchev6
¹ Association “Activated waters”, ² IGNC – BAS, ³University of Forestry,
⁴IEMAP – BAS, ⁵IMicB – BAS, 6IICT – BAS
Abstract. The paper presents an overview of the investigations on the electrochemically activated water solutions. The description concerns the changes in water composition and structure leading to abnormal properties of the obtained highly alkaline and acidic fractions and their influence on vital processes in living mater. The destructive action of the anolyte on different bacteria and viruses has been reported. Another important problem refers to the beneficial influence of catholyte on vital processes in plants and animals. Positive effect on plants growth and production has been reported by scientists from different countries. Some unpublished results are involved. Disputable problems that require further elucidation are outlined.
Keywords: Electrochemical activation (ECA), electrolyzer, catholyte, anolyte.
Д. Караманев
MITIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC GLOBAL WARMING BY HEAT TRANSFER
Dimitre Karamanev
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Abstract: Thus far, attempts to mitigate global warming have been based exclusively on reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. One problem with this approach is that the lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere is very long, and the effect of reducing CO2 emissions on decreasing atmospheric temperature will only become significant after decades. In this work, I propose reducing or even halting the increase in global atmospheric temperature by removing sensible heat from the atmosphere and transferring it to other media, such as water and/or land mass. It is shown that the annual negative effect of heating ocean water will be close to non-existent. One of the main advantages is that it has an immediate effect on atmospheric temperature. The technology to realize this idea is simple, inexpensive, and relatively well-developed. It should be noted that the proposed solution to global warming is temporary and will only work for several decades. In the long term, reducing CO2 emissions should take precedence as the main method of mitigating global warming.
Keywords: Climate engineering, global warming mitigation, heat transfer, heat exchangers.
МИКРОБНИ ПЪТИЩА НА ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ НА ЖЕЛЯЗО В ЗАСЕГНАТА ОТ ВОЙНАТА ПОЧВА
А. Згурска, И. Бида, С. Кирилов, В. Говоруха, О. Таширев
MICROBIAL PATHWAYS OF IRON TRANSFORMATION IN WAR-AFFECTED SOIL
Anna Zghurska¹, Iryna Bida¹, Semen Kyrylov¹, Vira Hovorukha1, 2
² Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
Abstract. As a result of military operations, soils are contaminated with shell debris and shrapnel, primarily composed of iron. Therefore, there is a strong need to understand the pathways of iron transformation in soil and the role of microorganisms in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between soil microbiomes and ferromagnetic iron fractions that simulate materials originating from shells and mines. Cultivation of microorganisms from Ukrainian chernozem under anaerobic conditions in the liquid phase revealed that introducing the microbiome along with the starch-containing substrate (potatoes) led to a 120-fold increase in the mobilization and stabilization of soluble iron compounds compared to the control. This process resulted in concentrations of soluble Fe(II) exceeding 1 g/L within 20 days, highlighting the effectiveness of microbial organic acids as chelating agents. In contrast, aerobic cultivation in soil produced the amount of soluble iron compounds comparable to the control without added iron, indicating the assimilation of chelated compounds into microbial metabolic pathways. These findings demonstrate a viable pathway for incorporating ferromagnetic iron into the biogeochemical cycles.
Keywords: thermodynamic prediction, iron oxidation, ferromagnetic fraction, biogeochemical cycles, bioremediation
ЕТЕРИЧНО МАСЛО ОТ ЛАВАНДУЛА КАТО ФАКТОР
ЗА НАМАЛЯВАНЕ НА ОТДЕЛЯНЕТО НА ПАТОГЕННИ МИКРООРГАНИЗМИ ЧРЕЗ ИЗПРАЖНЕНИЯТА НА БРОЙЛЕРИ
LAVENDER ESSENTIAL OIL AS A FACTOR IN REDUCING THE EMISSION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS THROUGH THE FAECES OF BROILER CHICKENS
Anelia Mladenova¹, Teodora Popova¹, Galabin Mladenov 2
¹ University of Forestry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
² Mladenovi Vet Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract. Forty Ross 308 hybrid broiler chickens at the age of 20 days were included in the study. They were raised under the same conditions in the vivarium of the FVM at LTU - Sofia in bird cages with 10 chicks per cage. Twenty of the chickens (experimental group) received Lavandula angustifolia Mill essential oil in the daily feed ration at a final concentration of 0.01% or an average of 5 mg per chicken, from the 20th day to the 42th day of age. Pooled faecal samples were taken from all birds in both groups on the first day, on the 15th day after their arrival (in the middle of the experimental period) and at the end of the experiment. Microbiological studies of the samples were carried out, as for the isolation of microorganisms cultures were made in elective and selective nutrient media for bacteria from different groups, as well as for fungi, and their identification was carried out biochemically with the help of polymicrotests. Intake of lavender essential oil with food resulted in a more than two-fold reduction in the number of bacterial species in their faeces from major groups including pathogenic species as well as Candida ovale fungi. These data show that lavender oil exerts a significant antimicrobial effect in vivo, as a result of which their feces contain significantly less microorganisms with pathogenic potential and, accordingly, they are much louer dangerous from an epizootological point of view than those of normally fed birds.
Keywords: broiler chickens, lavender essential oil, feces, pathogenic microorganisms
МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИ ПОДХОД ЗА ПОДОБРЯВАНЕ НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИТЕ НА ФОТОБИОРЕАКТОРА КАТО СИСТЕМА
MATHEMATICAL APPROACH
TO ENHANCE PHOTOBIOREACTOR PERFORMANCE AS A SYSTEM
The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract. Photobioreactors (PBR) can be considered as a sophisticated system where many parallel physical, chemical, biochemical and other processes proceed. Many phenomena from sub-systems must be taken into account and to be described and optimized in order to improve PBRs functioning and design. In this work, the PBR behavior for removal of CO2 from biogas by microalgae is analyzed mathematically. Model describing mixing conditions of two phases (gas-liquid) in sectioned PBR is analyzed for different gas load where backflows can influence residence time of air bubbles and part of biomass in PBR sections. This will have direct impact on so call flashing light effect (FLE) inside the vessel. This phenomenon has very solid theoretical basis, which lies in the intimate metabolic mechanisms of photosynthesis and improve cell growth and utilization of CO2 from the biogas. Hence, PBR performance and design depends on optimal functioning of its sub-systems. Optimal innovative design of PBRs includes application of system analysis theory and application of different modeling approaches for simulations of different scenarios in order to minimize the time for experiments and to guarantee success of research tasks. This paper analyses the modeling procedure when worked with sectioning column PBRs and results showed some very robust findings which further were proved in Brazilian and Bulgarian laboratories. These findings can be adapted to fulfill the overall picture of integral biorefinery concept for green technologies linked with the environmental protection and ecology.
Keywords: photobioreactor, modeling, biogas purification, hydrodynamics, flashing light effects
ИНОВАТИВНИ РЕШЕНИЯ ЗА ПОДДЪРЖАНЕ И ПОВИШАВАНЕ НА ПОЧВЕНОТО ПЛОДОРОДИЕ И ОПАЗВАНЕ НА
ОКОЛНАТА СРЕДА ЗА СМЕКЧАВАНЕ НА ИЗМЕНЕНИЕТО НА КЛИМАТА
INNOVATION SOLUTIONS FOR MAINTAINING AND INCREASING SOIL FERTILITY AND PROTECTING THE ENVIROMENT TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE
Svetla Marinova¹, Elena Zlatareva¹, Nicholas Kathijotes²
¹ Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “N. Pushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
² Cyprus Institute of Technology, Cyprus
Abstract. Climate change is caused by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to global warming. The studies conducted focus on limiting the negative effects of climate change. In this report, we will focus on some research and solutions for protecting the environment and mitigating climate change: what are the sludges from waste water treatment plants /WWTP/; why they should be treated before use; sludge use opportunities; soil changes resulting from the use of sludge as a soil improver; study of the by-product bio-slime obtained from the production of biogas from waste. In conclusion, it is noted that in our country a number of problems with various organic waste are being worked on in order to find the most efficient and rational technological solutions for their utilization and environmental protection. New technologies close the cycles of waste from production to use of its and so protect the environment and limit negative climate change.
Keywords: Climate change, sludges from waste water treatment plants /WWTP, bio-slime
МЕТОД НА ТРИАНГУЛАЦИЯ ЗА СРАВНИТЕЛНИ ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ НА ВРЪЗКАТА „ПОЧВА – ДОБИВИ”
А. СадовскиTRIANGULATION METHOD FOR COMPARATIVE SOIL - YIELD STUDIES
Alexander Sadovski
Abstract: Reliable results can be produced by using the research triangulation method. Its application is illustrated with agroecology data from Bulgaria. In several agroecological, environmental and sociological studies it is convenient and necessary to compare results of multivariate analyses derived from different data on the same territory or derived from different analyses of the same data. An appropriate approach for such comparative studies is based on the so-called “Procrustes analysis”. Its application is illustrated in search of interrelations between crop yields and soil texture, and soil hydraulic properties.
Keywords: agroecology, Procrustes analysis, soil, triangulation, yield
АНАЛИЗ НА СВОЙСТВАТА НА
СИВИТЕ ГОРСКИ ПОЧВИ ВЪВ ВРЪЗКА
С ТИПОВЕТЕ ГОРИ В СЕВЕРОИЗТОЧНА БЪЛГАРИЯ
ANALYSIS OF THE PROPERTIES OF GREY FOREST SOILS IN RELATION TO FOREST TYPES IN NORTHEASTERN BULGARIA
Simeon Bogdanov¹, Chingis Tauakelov², Pavel Pavlov¹
¹ University of Forestry-Sofia, Bulgaria
² Scientific Research Institute of Applied Biotechnology of Kostanay Regional University “Akhmet Baytursinuly”, Kazakhstan
Abstract. Modern forestry and forest soil science recognize soil as a key ecological factor for forest existence. Conversely, forest vegetation exerts a significant influence on soil profile development, weathering processes, and the transformation of organic matter within the soil. This interaction determines the specific morphology, composition, and properties of forest soils, justifying their formation as a result of forest soil-forming processes. This study presents results from an investigation of Gray Forest Soils (Gray Luvisols) under different forest types and in a non-forested area. The observed differences in soil morphological structure between forested and non-forested sites highlight the critical role of forest vegetation in shaping soil composition and properties. The study establishes that tree species characteristics influence variations in soil nitrogen content, pH, and the C/N ratio.
Keywords: Gray Forest soils, forest type, soil properties.