ÑÚÄÚÐÆÀÍÈÅ
Ðåäàêöèîíåí êîìåíòàð
Ñèìóëàòîð çà
ïîäãîòîâêà íà
íàñåëåíèåòî ïðè âúçíèêâàíå íà çåìåòðåñåíèå
Ã.
Ìàðäèðîñÿí, Á. Ðàíãåëîâ, Ñ.
Çàáóíîâ, Ä. Çàôèðîâ, Í. Çàãîðñêè
5-10
Åíåðãèéíèòå
êóëòóðè – ïåðñïåêòèâà çà åêîëîãè÷íî áúäåùå çà
÷îâå÷åñòâîòî è ïëàíåòàòà Çåìÿ
Ì. Êàëåâà 11-23
II.
ÌÈÊÐÎÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÌÈ È ÎÊÎËÍÀ ÑÐÅÄÀ
Ìèêðîáèîëîãè÷íî
çàìúðñÿâàíå íà
òðè ðåêè ïðåìèíàâàùè ïðåç ãðàä Ñîôèÿ
Ë. Äèìèòðîâà,
Â. Êúñîâñêè, È. Öâåòêîâà, Õ. Íàéäåíñêè
24-34
III. ÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ È ÌÎÍÈÒÎÐÈÍÃ
ÍÀ ÎÊÎËÍÀÒÀ ÑÐÅÄÀ
Ìîíèòîðèíã íà
Äðàãîìàíñêîòî áëàòî çà ïåðèîäà 2018-2023 ã. ÷ðåç èçïîëçâàíå
íà ñïúòíèêîâè äàííè
È.
Èâàíîâà, Ò. Ñïàñîâà
35-42
Í. Ïåòðîâ, Í. Ãóòåâ, Õ.
Ïðîòîõðèñòîâ, Ä. Òîíåâ, Ã. Äèìèòðîâà
43-46
IV. ÂÚÇÎÁÍÎÂßÅÌÈ
È ÀËÒÅÐÍÀÒÈÂÍÈ ÈÇÒÎ×ÍÈÖÈ ÍÀ ÅÍÅÐÃÈß
È ÁÈÎÃÎÐÈÂÀ
Ë.
Áàõòèàðè, Ä. Êàðàìàíåâ
47-53
Àíàåðîáíà áèîäåãðàäàöèÿ íà ðàçëè÷íè ñìåñè îò
îðãàíè÷íè îòïàäúöè – íàøèòå èçñëåäâàíèÿ
È.
Ñèìåîíîâ, Â. Õóáåíîâ 54-64
V. ÅÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÍÎ
È ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎ ÇÅÌÅÄÅËÈÅ
Ñúäúðæàíèå
è ïðåíîñ íà N, P, K è Si ñ
öàðåâè÷íà
áèîìàñà â çàâèñèìîñò îò òîðåíåòî íà àëóâèàëíî-ëèâàäíè
ïî÷âè
È.
Ãåðàñèìîâà, Ç. Ïåòêîâà, Ë. Íåíîâà, À. Êàöàðîâà
65-74
Âàæíè
åòàïè ïî ïúòÿ êúì îïòèìàëíî
òîðåíå
À.
Ñàäîâñêè
75-80
EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR FOR BEHAVIOURAL EDUCATION OF THE POPULATION
Garo Mardirossian1,
Boyko Ranguelov2,
Svetoslav Zabunov1, Dimo Zafirov1,
Nikolay Zagorski1
1
Space Research and Technology Institute – Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Sofia,
Bulgaria
2 Mining and
Geology University, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract: The practical
exercises on seismic simulator in
conditions close to real are irreplaceable, no matter
the theoretical training
one receives. The latter appear to be the most important
prerequisite for
attaining knowledge and skills, and acquiring
behavioural habits of people for
the events of strong earthquakes. Hence, physical
simulator platforms realizing
scenarios of earthquakes and the vibrations thereof have
been in use for
several years in some countries. The current article
discloses the drawbacks of
the existing simulators and, first and foremost, of how
these simulators
reproduce oscillations far different from the real
seismic waveforms. Such
simulators do not provide the complete experience during
the training process.
The paper
describes the advantages of the presented simulator –
adequate simulation of
real seismic oscillations having the correct amplitudes,
frequencies and
waveforms varying in broad boundaries. Thus efficient
and effective education
of children and the seniors in effects of a strong and
tangible earthquake
exhibiting various amplitudes, phases and frequencies of
the seismic waves can
be made possible.
Keywords: earthquake, seismic
simulator, seismic waves, earthquake education
Mila
Dobromirova
Kaleva
The Stephan Angeloff Institute of
Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract. The growing risk of irreversible depletion of
fossil energy sources like
petrol, natural gas and coal, and the emissions of gasses
consequence from
their combustion, is causing the necessity of the
introduction of energy crops
for the manufacture of energy products. These include annual
or perennial
plants, fast-growing tree types – hybrid willows, poplars and others, and water
crops – red algae, giant kelp, seaweed etc. Most preferred in Europe and the US are
Paulownia sp. (P.
elongata è P. tomentosa), giant reed (Arundo
donax), elephant
grass (Miscanthus giganteus), weeping willow (Salix
babylonica)
and wicker (Salix viminalis). So far in Bulgaria are
preferred
herbaceous energy crops such as corn, canola, sorghum, etc.,
but also were
introduced some kind of timber. The global development of the sector would
help to address the
environmental problems associated with the release of huge
quantities of
greenhouse gasses. In the processing and utilization of
energy crops, the
amount of waste products is reduced to near zero, thereby
avoiding
environmental pollution.
Keywords: energy crops, Paulownia
spp., Salix spp.,
Arundo donax, Miscanthus giganteus
Lyudmila Dimitrova1,
Vesselin Kussovski1, Iva Tstvetkova1,
Hristo Najdenski1
The Stephan Angeloff Institute of
Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia,
Bulgaria
Abstract: Water
is an important factor for all living creatures. In some
organisms, it makes up
90% of body weight. In humans, its percentage varies between
55-65%. Water
covers about 71% of the planet's surface. That is why it is
necessary to
protect it from various types of pollution with physical,
chemical and
biological substances. Rivers are the main sources because
they provide water
for drinking-domestic water supply, industry, animal
husbandry, agriculture,
etc. Attention should be paid to the quality
of surface waters, an adequate assessment of microbiological
contamination and
their sanitary condition should be made. However, antimicrobial resistance is constantly
increasing. The number
of deaths is expected to rise from 700,000 in 2014 to 10
million by 2025.
This is the first report of the
microbial
contamination of three rivers crossing Sofia city –
Darvenishka River,
Vladayska River (before
the Wastewater
Treatment
Plant (WWTP) near Kubratovo) and Iskar River (after WWTP
Kubratovo).
According the
REGULATION ¹12
from
18.06.2002 and the number of colony forming units in 100 ml
the
waters of the Darvenishka River belong to Category
2 according to the contents of fecal streptococci
and
Category
3 – according to the contents of E. coli and coliforms. The
waters
of the Vladayska River fall into Category 2.
The
waters of
the Iskar River at the sampling point are classified as
Category 3 according to
the total coliform and Category 2 according to the fecal
streptococci content.
We isolated
12 single bacterial cultures from water and sludge of
Darvenishka River and
characterized theme biochemically by BD Phoenix M50.
According the EUCAST
cut-off values we determined their susceptibility
against 8 groups of antibiotics and most of them were
multiresistant.
Keywords: surface waters and sludge, bacterial contamination, antimicrobial resistance
Iva Ivanova, Temenuzhka Spasova
Space
Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of
Science
Abstract: In
this study, monitoring of the Dragoman Marsh was conducted
for the period
2018-2023. The Dragoman Marsh is distinguished as the
largest natural karst
wetland area in Bulgaria. Monitoring of this natural
formation is essential for
studying its dynamic processes and ensuring its protection.
The use of
satellite data represents a key tool in this context. The
data from the
Sentinel 2 satellite being utilized for this purpose.
Following appropriate
processing of this data, classification of the object by
years and seasons -
spring and summer-autumn - was performed, using indices such
as NDVI, NDWI, and
TCT based index - NDGI. The obtained results contribute to a
better
understanding of the development of the wetland area and
provide guidance for
its conservation and management.
Keywords: wetlands, satellite data, indices,
monitoring
Í. Ïåòðîâ, Í. Ãóòåâ, Õ. Ïðîòîõðèñòîâ, Ä. Òîíåâ, Ã. Äèìèòðîâà
PORTABLE MUON TELESCOPE FOR COSMIC RAY MONITORING
Nikolay N. Petrov, Nikolay Goutev, Hristo Protohristov, Dimitar Tonev, Galina Dimitrova
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BulgariaÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÑÒÎÉÍÎÑÒÒÀ ÍÀ ÏÐÅÍÎÑÀ ÍÀ ÅÍÅÐÃÈß ÈÇÏÎËÇÂÀÉÊÈ ÊÎÌÏÐÅÑÈÐÀÍ ÂÚÇÄÓÕ ÏÎÄ ÂÈÑÎÊÎ ÍÀËßÃÀÍÅ Ñ ÏÐÅÍÎÑÀ ÍÀ ÅËÅÊÒÐÎÅÍÅÐÃÈß
Leila
Bakhtiari, Dimitre Karamanev
Department of
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
The
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Abstract. This paper conducts a comprehensive
analysis of the construction cost associated with
long-distance, large-scale
Compressed Air Energy transmission via pipelines compared to
electricity as a
main energy carrier. The study indicates notable disparities
in terms of
compressed air energy transmission costs versus electrical
transmission. The lower
cost emphasizes the
cost-effectiveness of Compressed Air
Energy as a
promising and economical method for
energy transmission over varying distances. Another
advantage of transmitting
energy through compressed air pipelines is that it provides
an opportunity to
integrate the intermittent renewable energy sources such as
solar and wind
power more effectively. It puts a spotlight on Compressed
Air Energy pipelines
as a key topic for discussion and further investigation.
Keywords:
compressed air energy pipelines, energy cost, electrical
energy
Ivan Simeonov, Venelin Hubenov
The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology,
Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract. Anaerobic digestion is a biotechnological method of
biogas generation
from organic wastes. Anaerobic co-digestion can be
considered as the
instantaneous anaerobic digestion of two or more substrate
and co-substrate
mixtures. Anaerobic co-digestion is a pragmatic method to
resolve the
difficulties related to substrate properties and system
optimization in
single-substrate anaerobic digestion. During the last two
decades our
multidisciplinary team performed a lot of experiments of
anaerobic co-digestion
of different organic wastes activated sludge, cattle manure,
swine manure, milk
whey, wasted fruits and vegetables etc. Different ratios of
mixtures of these
organic wastes, in binary and triple mixtures, have been
investigated in view
to maximize the obtained energy (methane) production. The
time for reaching of
the process steady state in laboratory anaerobic digesters
have been determined
to be ten days’ period. Results obtained have shown that
some binary mixtures
are more perspective in regards to biogas production
optimization. It has been
found that the addition of 3rd substrate to some
binary mixtures
could lead to decrease of bioprocess effectiveness.
Key words:
anaerobic
digestion, complex mixtures, wasted activated sludge, cattle
manure, milk whey,
laboratory experiments, biogas production, two-stage
anaerobic digestion
Iliyana Gerasimova, Zdravka Petkova, Lyuba Nenova, Ana Katsarova
Institute
of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “Nikola
Poushkarov”, Agricultural
Academy,
Sofia, Bulgaria
ÂÀÆÍÈ ÅÒÀÏÈ ÏÎ ÏÚÒß ÊÚÌ ÎÏÒÈÌÀËÍÎ ÒÎÐÅÍÅ