H. Najdenski
3-4
The attempts to
closed life support system development, the early
context of MELISSA project
C.
Lasseur, D. Kaplan, M. Mergeay, C. Audas
5-12
Microbial
bioconversion of cellulose-containing waste in
terrestrial and space conditions
H.
Najdenski
13-20
Support of a
hypothesis about oil reserves in Bulgaria
A.
Sadovski
21-28
Prediction of stack
plume rise
P. Jafari
Shalkouhi
29-33
II. SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
N. Drumeva,
M. Chanev
34-41
III.
MICROORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT
Antimicrobial effects
of colloidal nanosilver
T. Popova
42-51
Some experiments with
electrochemically activated water
N. Ivanov,
V. Ivanov,
G. Gluhchev
52-58
IV. FOREST
ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY
S. Savev, N. Iliev 59-63
V. RADIATION
ECOLOGY
Impact of replacement
coal and fossil energy by nuclear energy on global
greenhouse gases emission
M.
Abdelaziz, H.
Elkhatib, A.Abdelmaksoud,
M. Essawy
64-72
VI. SCIENTIFIC
FORUMS
Eighth
International Conference Ecological
Engineering and Environment Protection (EEEP'2024) with
Youth Scientific Session
6-9 Junå
2024, Velingrad, Bulgaria
73-74
THE ATTEMPTS TO
CLOSED LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT, THE EARLY
CONTEXT OF MELISSA PROJECT
Hristo Najdenski
The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology –
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Abstract: One of the important ecological
problems at present
is the increasing pollution of the natural environment
with cellulose waste. A similar process is also observed
in long-term manned space flights: a huge amount of
cellulose waste from clothing, hygiene materials, food
residues and others accumulates, the processing and
utilization of which is a definite scientific challenge.
In recent years, many scientists have expanded and
deepened their research on this important question, which
still remains unresolved both in Earth’s
conditions and during
the
long-term space flights. Many experiments are carried out
on the biodegradation processes of cellulose-containing
waste with the use of different populations of
microorganisms - bacteria, fungi, etc., as well as with
different parameters of the culture medium - composition,
temperature, presence of oxygen, pH, etc. The synergistic
action of these microbial populations, which have the
capacity to degrade and assimilate complex carbohydrates
(cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) through the
synthesis of a number of cellulolytic enzymes, thus
restoring the carbon cycle in nature, has been proven. In
parallel, research is being conducted in simulated
microgravity conditions, focused on their future
application for bioconversion and efficient utilization of
waste in closed life support systems during long-duration
manned space flights. An important condition is that the
microorganisms used are not pathogenic, not resistant to
antibiotics and do not form biofilms. There is already
accumulated experimental data proving that microgravity
conditions lead to changes in bacterial gene expression,
growth rate, reduced motility, increased virulence,
biofilm formation, etc. In this review, the most important results achieved by
Bulgarian and foreign teams in this current and promising
scientific field are briefly presented.
Keywords: cellulolytic bacteria, bioconversion, cellulose-containig waste, life support systems,
long-term manned spaceflight
Alexander
Sadovski
Abstract:
This study is an
attempt to support the
hypothesis of Prof.
Vassil Vuchev for
oil reserves in
Bulgaria. He argues that there is a geographical zone
of underground sources
of oil, which begins in
Indonesia, passed through
the countries of
the Middle East, and the
Balkan countries – Bulgaria, and
Romania, and reaches Norway. It can be expected that
the territory of
our country hides considerable reserves
of this natural wealth. The study is performed by GIS
techniques, Procrustes analysis and text mining.
The results are in favor of Prof. Vuchev’s hypothesis.
Keywords: Oil reserves,
Geology, Procrustes analysis, Text mining.
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Nadezhda Drumeva1, Milen Chanev2
1 Institute of Oceanology "Prof.
Fridtjof Nansen" - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
2 Space
Research and Technology Institute - Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences
Abstract: Due to
climate changes, a number of changes are observed in
the world's oceans, such as a change in the amount of
thermal energy and water temperature, a change in sea
and ocean currents, as well as an increase in
acidification. These changes lead to a change in sea
water as a habitat for marine ecosystems.
Since the beginning of the new
millennium, many scientific researchesses have
been focused on monitoring and studying ocean
acidification as an important indicator of climate
change. The use of satellite remote sensing data to
study ocean acidification is gaining wide application
and is emerging as a major research method in the near
future. It enables continuous near-real-time
monitoring, both globally and regionally.
The aim of the present study is to investigate and evaluate the possibilities of applying the models for the study of marine acidification using satellite data for a limited coastal area in the Black Sea region. A review of the publications in various scientific databases related to the major projects of international and governmental organizations such as UNESCO, IALA, EC, NOAA, etc. was made. The study takes into account the gaps in the information on the acidification of the Bulgarian coastal waters by exploring the possibilities for satellite remote monitoring, which would allow the creation of spatio-temporal and prognostic models.
The
global and regional coastal studies of seawater
acidification with satellite data, as well as the
satellite studies of the Black Sea carried out so far,
give us hope that in the near future we will be able
to successfully apply satellite remote sensing methods
in regions such as the Bulgarian coast. However, there
are currently no data on quantitative analyzes based
on satellite data for the Black Sea, such as the
calculations of the parameters of the carbon cycle in
sea water. This
leads to the impossibility of conducting satellite
monitoring of acidification in our region at the
present time.
Keywords: ocean
acidification, pH, TA, pCO2, DIC, satellite remote
sensing, SSS, SST, Black sea
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF COLLOIDAL NANOSILVER
Nikolay Ivanov,
Vladimir Ivanov, Georgi Gluhchev
Institute of
Information and Communication Technologies –
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Abstract: Experiments on the
physical properties of the
Electrochemically Activated water carried out in
the last few years are present. During the
electrolysis of tap water with a semipermeable
membrane two fractions – catholyte and anolyte
are obtained with different values of the
physical and chemical parameters. Power hydrogen
and oxidation-reduction potential have been
investigated by many researchers, but without
precise evaluation of their changes at different
intervals of time. Here, tables for the values
of these parameters are present. New results,
difficult to explain, are obtained in the
following aspects: 1) Double activation with
reversed electrodes; 2) Electroosmosis at
different types of water, including tap water,
distilled and de-ionized ones, and 3) Evaluation
of the quantity of heavy metals in the water
before and after activation. Since no
description of the potential of the electrical
field, produced by the electrodes of the
electrolyzer, was found in the literature,
measurement of the field between and around the
electrodes in case of presence and absence of
membrane have been carried out.
The results could be of
interest to the researchers trying to understand
some of the anomalous properties of the
electrolyzed water.
Keywords:
Electrochemical
activation
(ECA), electrolyzer, catholyte, anolyte,
electroosmosis, Power Hydrogen (pH),
Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP),
semipermeable membrane.
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION AND REINTRODUCTION OF COMMON YEW (TAXUS BACCATA
L.) IN ITS NATURAL HABITATS IN STRANDZHA AND
VITOSHA MOUNTAINS
Slavcho Savev, Nasko
Iliev
University of forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract. Ex situ propagation and reintroduction in
the wild could be a promising approach in the
conservation of rare species, including the Common yew.
Its conventional vegetative propagation by rooting of
cuttings do not provide satisfying results since a major
factor remains the stage of development of the donor
plant. Cuttings from stage-young individuals taken from
Maglizh site formed more root primordia, with successful
rooting of 44%. Individuals
in the reproductive stage of their development form root
primordia, but root development follows in 8 to 20 % of
cuttings, while the other cuttings necrotize. The
attempt to reintroduce Taxus baccata revealed
that young plants hardly develop in the lower part of
the steep slopes of thinned forest communities, forming
the natural habitat of the mixed scree forests, on steep
slopes and ravines, a xerophytic variant of the
Tilio-Acerion alliance. Young Yew plants are sensitive
to summer droughts and to the allelopathic effect of
their neighboring Rhododendron ponticum shrubs,
which reduces the success of their reintroduction. A
limiting factor is also the thick layer of leaf litter
and shading by beech trees in the lower part of the
slopes, as well as damage by wild herbivores, mainly roe
deer and rabbits. Young saplings require good soil
aeration, combined with sufficient moisture during the
summer drought period and intensive cultivation,
including lightening under beech shading during the
initial three-year period after planting.
Keywords: common
yew, habitats, nature parks
IMPACT
OF REPLACEMENT COAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY BY NUCLEAR ENERGY
ON GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION
Mohamed Abdelaziz1,Hesham
Elkhatib2, Abdelfatah Abdelmaksoud2, Mohamed Essawy2
1
Department of Nuclear Safety Research and Radiological
Emergencies, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority
2 Nuclear
Reactors Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority
Abstract. Climate change has become
one of the important matters that worry humanity
worldwide, until local seminars and international
conferences have been held for it at the highest levels,
such as the level of heads of state. What is worrying
about climate change is the increase in the average global
temperature until it soon reaches the age of mankind,
which has reached 1.5 degrees Celsius until the year 2033
and 2 degrees Celsius until the year 2059, as an
inevitable result of the increase in carbon emissions
resulting from electricity generation, industry and
vehicle exhaust, which were estimated at about 1000
gigabytes of tons until the year 2060, in which the
production of electrical energy contributes by more than
50%.
On the other hand, the unjust encroachment on forests,
this is the lung of the world. Since electric power
generation is responsible for more than half of the global
emissions of carbon gases, this research aims to study the
carbon emissions resulting from electric power generation
with the scenarios of Unfinished Symphony, Modern Jazz and
Hard Rock, and trying to reduce the carbon emissions
resulting from electric power generation by replacing
electricity generation with nuclear energy as an
alternative to coal all types, as well as petroleum
(fossil fuels), with the stability of the use of natural
gas and new and renewable energies according to previous
scenarios until the year 2060. The result was, according to the
Unfinished Symphony scenario, emissions were about
(591.9) Giga tons. In contrast, when using nuclear
energy as an alternative, the contribution of
electricity production by 65% cancels out the
improvement in the amount of carbon emissions by 75.1%,
with a carbon dioxide productivity of 146.8 Giga tons.
According to the Jazz scenario, emissions were about
(632.1) Giga tons. In contrast, when using nuclear
energy as an alternative, the contribution of
electricity production is 65%, which cancels out the
improvement in the amount of carbon emissions by 75.2%,
with a carbon dioxide productivity of 156.8 Giga tons.
According to the Hard Rock scenario, emissions were about
(643.3) Giga tons. In contrast, when using nuclear energy
as an alternative, the contribution of
electricity production is 65%, which cancels out the
improvement in the amount of carbon emissions by 74.87%,
with a production of carbon dioxide that amounted to 161.6
Giga tons.
Keywords: Climate change – CO2
emission – Electric demand scenario – Nuclear energy
contribution.