CONTENTS
Editor's comment
Hristo Najdenski
3-4
I. SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Space monitoring of
anthropogenic impacts on soils and the water
environment associated with solid domestic
waste: scientific and educational aspects
(Space environmental watch)
Mihail Shakhramanyan,
Maretta Kazaryan, Andrey Richter
5-12
Temenuzhka
Spasova, Roumen Nedkov
13-19
Daniela
Avetisyan, Roumen Nedkov, Emiliya
Velizarova
20-30
Monitoring on
forest ecosystems by using space-temporal
analysis of different types aerospace data
Andrei
Stoyanov, Denitsa Borisova
31-37
II. RENEWABLE
ENERGY AND BIOFUELSStudy of
electrogenic properties of microflora of mud masses obtained from
various biotypes
Aleksey Tyurin-Kuzmin,
Vyacheslav Ilyin, D. Korshunov,
A. Punegova,
Ju.
Suprunova
38-45
III. MAN AND BIOSPHERE
Noise
measurement with smart device and
external microphone – basics, accuracy
and applications
Dobrian Benov, Diyana Benova 46-52
IV. NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Hanna
Tashyreva, Oleksandr Tashyrev, Vira Govorukha, Olesya Havryliuk
53-62
Biopreparations
for the production of environmentally
safe food - part I
Tatiana
Nugmanova 63-69
Biopreparations
for the production of environmentally
safe food – part II
Tatiana
Nugmanova, Lyubov Chistyakova, Iion Petra, Olga Shelepova, Vera
Kondrateva
70-74
SPACE MONITORING OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON
SOILS AND THE WATER ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID
DOMESTIC WASTE: SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS (SPACE
ENVIRONMENTAL WATCH)
Shakhramanyan M. A., L. Kazaryan M. L., Richter
A. A.
Abstract. A new technology of monitoring and control of
solid waste, based on the reception and processing of the
Earth remote sensing data with different spatial resolution
and spectral resolution is proposed. The technology is based
on the processing of multispectral and hyperspectral images
from space in special software products, the identification
and analysis of solid waste from small (suburban, road
clutter) to large (industrial and urban landfills),
depending on the spatial and spectral resolution of the
space image. At present, software complexes for processing
(deciphering) of space images of solid domestic waste and
their adjacent territories have been developed.
With the help of these software complexes, it
became possible to identify unauthorized landfills, to
determine the correctness of operation of existing landfills
in accordance with existing regulatory documents, to
determine the sequence of liquidation of various landfills,
depending on the degree of their negative impact on the
environment and human health.
The introduction of the proposed technology can
provide substantial assistance to various ministries,
departments and the public in detecting at an early stage
the places of clutter, the so-called pre-landfills, which,
if not to take preventive measures, can become real garbage
dumps with all the ensuing environmental problems.
It is important that schools and universities,
for which this work will be attractive both in terms of
planning and implementation of research activities,
education of young people with an active life position in
terms of ecology and environmental protection, be included
in the implementation of the "Space Ecological Watch"
project.
It should be borne in mind that SHW landfills
are basically "the reactors" in which various
physical-chemical reactions (combustion, oxidation, etc.)
are rapidly occurring; besides SWLs are of considerable
interest for educational and research processes both in
secondary and higher schools. Moreover, many parameters of
these physical-chemical reactions in the time-mode, close to
the real one, can be controlled by methods of remote sensing
of the Earth from space.
We propose to organize the International
Competition "Space Environmental Watch" with the
participation of students and schoolchildren from different
countries of the world. This Competition will be based on
the technology described above, will have the following
nominations: - identification of unauthorized landfills; -
landfills Information validity check; - assessment of the
impact of solid waste landfills on the environment.
According to the results of the competition, a
digital map with identified unauthorized garbage dumps and
an assessment of their impact on the environment can be made
on the Internet.
Kew words: landfill object, SHW landfill, garbage dump,
metasubject, MatLab, educational process, training modules,
teaching activities
MONITORING OF SHORT-LIVED SNOW COVERAGE BY RADAR AND OPTICAL DATA FROM SENTINEL-1 AND SENTINEL-2 SATELLITES
Temenuzhka Spasova, Roumen Nedkov
Abstract: Snow cover monitoring
shows the great importance of this rainfall, the
time-lines of the data from this event, and the spatial
range and area of the observed object.
The main aim of the presented research is to trace the use
of different satellite data and approaches to track the
dynamics of the development of the short-lived snow
coverage.
The subject of the study is short-lived snow coverage and
its dynamics for 12 and 13 March 13, 2017
for Sofia
city area, Bulgaria. The objects were analyzed and mapped
according to ESA data, acquired by sensors Sentinel-1 SAR
and Sentinel-2 MSI.
Results have been obtained for quantitative changes of wet
snow cover and its dynamics. The data used are with a high
time-spatial resolution, which is imperative when it is
need to study a short-lived event such as the wet snow
coverage.
The importance of this monitoring is that the remote
sensing and reliable data required calculating models of
climate, natural disasters and crashes have been obtained.
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE HASKOVO REGION’S LANDS IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE TO DESERTIFICATION AREAS
Daniela Avetisyan, Roumen Nedkov,
Emiliya Velizarova
Abstract. Desertification is the consequence of a set of
important processes which are active in arid, semi-arid
and dry sub-humid environments, where water is the main
limiting factor of land use performance in ecosystems.
Located in dry sub-humid environments of South-Eastern Bulgaria, Haskovo Region is
distinguished with a
significant
lack of humidity in growing period reaching up to 700
mm. Landscapes in Haskovo Region exhibit different
sensitivity to desertification for various reasons
mainly determined by the characteristics of their
components and how they react to changing environment.
The various types of sensitive to desertification
landscapes can be distinguished and mapped by using
certain key indicators for assessment of the land capability
to withstand further degradation. These factors can be
divided into four broad categories defining the
qualities of soil, climate, vegetation, and management
(stressor indicators). The aim of the resent study is to
identify main characteristics of landscape components
and to delineate territories with lands resistance to
degradation processes in terms of desertification. Remote sensing methods and GIS were used.
MONITORING ON FOREST ECOSYSTEMS BY
USING SPACE-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TYPES
AEROSPACE DATA
Andrei Stoyanov, Denitsa Borisova
Abstract: The following work
presents results derived by space-temporal analysis
of different types of aerospace data for
environmental monitoring on the dynamics of the
condition of the forest vegetation.
Different indices (NDVI, NDWI) and
indicators have been used for territories occupied by
different types of forest ecosystems. A comparative
analysis between optical and radar images have been
conducted and results about the degree of correlation
between the different generated indices from the tested
areas are presented.
Based on the
performed different analysis and surveys and the results
derived from them, an evaluation can be done for the
following: for which territories occupied by specific
forest vegetation are the most sensitive indices during
the monitoring.
The derived results could be used for
monitoring and ecological assessment on forest resources
management in regional and national action plans.
STUDY OF
ELECTROGENIC PROPERTIES OF MICROFLORA OF MUD MASSES
OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS BIOTYPES
Tjurin-Kuzmin A.Ju., Ilyin V.K., Korshunov
D.V., Punegova A.V., Suprunova Ju.V.
Abstract: Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are an
environmentally friendly way of generating electricity,
which is often accompanied by the decomposition of organic
waste. A common problem for these devices is the low power
generated by the electric current. In nature, the
decomposition of organic waste, coupled with
oxidation-reduction reactions, i.e. the transfer of
electrons and protons formed during the decomposition is
carried out by microbial communities, which, in their
optimal state for this process, are called active sludge
(AS). A mature active sludge consists of a so-called
flocculium - round formations in the size from 30 to 100 and
more microns, inside of which microorganisms carrying out
various reactions of decomposition of organic substances are
contained. It is easy to see that the MFC design is
topologically similar to the active sludge flocculant. We
tried to check how the presence of microorganisms in the
water chamber affects the productivity of the MFC by filling
the anode and cathode chambers with the same sludge mixture,
and the test cells were shaken on a shaker to create
favorable conditions for the formation of microbial
communities. The active sludge cell in both chambers shaken
on the shaker, over time, generated the highest voltage in
the external circuit as compared to the control samples. The
obtained data confirm the legitimacy of the assimilation of
MFC flocculine AS. The evolution of the microbial community
of the silt mixture in two directions - in the aerobic and
anaerobic MFC chambers - apparently leads to the formation
of two different communities mutually complementing each
other as part of the MFC and improving the operation of the
MFC, subject to additional dynamic provision (shaking). The
effect of the addition of peptone to the anode chamber on
the productivity of MFC was also investigated. The periodic
addition of peptone significantly increased the output power
of the MFC cell. Apparently, substrates of protein nature,
representing a nutrient medium for electrogenic bacteria,
can be used to stimulate the electrogenic activity of the
microflora of late anaerobic silt.
Dobriyan Benov,
Diyana Benova
Abstract: The noise level is
measured by instruments called noise meters. In this
paper, we look at the possibility of using smart devices
with an external microphone instead of noise meters. We
explore and compare types of smart devices, external
microphones, and software. Their accuracy is compared to
professional certified tools. The possibilities for their
application in different situations are examined and
recommendations are made.
THE
EFFECT OF MIXING MODES ON BIOHYDROGEN YIELD AND
SPATIAL PH GRADIENT AT DARK FERMENTATION OF SOLID
FOOD WASTE
Hanna
Tashyreva, Oleksandr Tashyrev, Vira Govorukha, Olesya
Havryliuk
Abstract. Dark fermentation of
multicomponent solid food waste by soil hydrogen-producing
bacterial community was studied in horizontal batch reactor
under different mechanical mixing modes; speed of mixing (rpm) and frequency of
mixing (duration mixing and pause) were selected as target
for optimization. Addition of pH indicator bromothymol blue
to the culture liquid allowed to study patterns of formation of acidification
zones in solid/liquid/gaseous fermentation system. It was
detected that mixing speed can contribute to sustainable
maintenance of optimal pH values and prevent formation of
spatial pH gradient. Adjusting of mixing and pause duration
resulted in significant decrease of digestion cycle and
increase in volumetric hydrogen production rate. Established
optimal mixing mode 24 rpm, 10 min of mixing/20 min of pause
provided biohydrogen
yield 123 LH2 kg-1 TSadded and reduction in the concentration of total
suspended solids from 70 to 0.75 g/L in 4 days.
Key words: dark fermentation,
mixing, biohydrogen, spatial pH-gradient, food waste,
suspended solids
BIOPREPARATIONS
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE FOOD – Part I
Tatiana Nugmanova
Abstract: Russian biopreparations
cover almost all aspects of the problem of growing plants.
The history of development and implementation of industrial
large-scale production of
biopreparations in Russia goes back more than 40 years.
Biopreparations have a purposeful action and are divided
into the following main types: bioinsecticides,
biofungicides, biofertilizers, immunomodulators and
regulators of plant growth and development, as well as
land-fertilizing biopreparations. The variety of Russian
biopreparations can fully ensure the implementation of the
potential varietal properties of
agricultural plants, minimize damage from adverse weather
conditions, reduce the cost of chemicals, restore soil humus
and obtain environmentally friendly food.
BIOPREPARATIONS
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE FOOD ˗ Part II
Tatiana Nugmanova, Lyubov Chistyakova, Iion
Petra, Olga Shelepova, Vera Kondrat’eva
Abstract. The effectiveness of the bio fertilizer “NIKFAN” - one of the main biopreparations used
in the Biologization System - was studied. This is a new
modern biopreparation, which proved to be very effective for
cultivating various crops in open and closed ground. In this
article, as an example, the results of its application for
cultivating cucumber in greenhouses are provided. The
influence of the Nikfan biopreparation on the elasticity of
leaves and the content of chlorophyll in them has also been
confirmed.
Key words: biopreparation, vegetables, cucumber, growth
stimulation