CONTENTS
Editorial Board
i-iv
Editor's comment
H.
Najdenski 3-4
I. TECHNOLOGIES FOR
DEPOLUTION
Biotransformation of used
means of personal hygiene of
cosmonauts and vegetable waste as
applied to life support systems for
space crews
V.
Ilyin, D. Korshunov, E. Deshevaya
5-23
O.
Tashyrev, V. Hovorukha, O. Suslova, H.
Tashyreva, O. Havryliuk
24-35
K. Lazarova, V. Mamatarkova
36-44
II. ECOLOGICAL AND
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Ecoethic problems of saline
and salty soils in Azerbaijan
G.
Mamedov
45-51
Evaluation of
composting materials for sustainable agricultural
applicationsE.
Markov, N. Kathijotes, E. Zlatareva, S.
Marinova
52-57
Characteristics
of Fluvisols in sand and gravel deposit “Kriva
bara”, Sofia, Bulgaria
V. Ilinkin, D. Dimitrov, P.
Zhelev
58-65
III. AGROECOLOGY
Basic natural
factors influencing sustainable
agriculture
A. Sadovski
66-72
Simulation of microgravity in microbilogical
experiments on biodegradation activity
P. Angelov 73-83
III. ECOLOGICAL FORUMS
XII
National Scientific Conference with
International Participation
ECOLOGY AND HEALTH 2018
07-
09 June, 2018, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
84-85
Ilyin V.K., Korshunov D.V.,
Deshevaya E.A.
Abstract: In this paper a possibility of
applying anaerobic digestion for reduction and stabilization
of the organic fraction of solid wastes generated during
piloted spacecraft flights is discussed. The culture of Trihoderma viridae,
capable of utilizing cellulose-containing substrates under
mesophilic conditions, was studied. The strain was isolated
from the internal environment of the ISS. The main purpose
of the work was to test the ability of Trihoderma viridae
culture to consume the products of anaerobic decomposition
of gauze tissue under space flight conditions, i.e.
Substrate for the cultivation of the fungus served as liquid
media, formed after the decomposition of thermophilic
clostridia gauze wipes. Under conditions of space flight,
the culture of Trihoderma
viridae reduced the total concentration of volatile
organic impurities remaining after the biodegradation of
gauze from 34 mg / m3 to 5 mg / m3.
The number of detectable volatile compounds decreased almost
twice. The carried out researches have shown that the
post-cleaning of liquid products of hydrolysis of gauze
fabric with the help of cellulolytic fungi can be an
effective component of utilization of cosmonaut hygiene
items with the help of microbial communities in space flight
conditions. Also under terrestrial conditions, the liquid
products of biodegradation of plant wastes were further
purified with the help of a community of aerobic bacteria.
Chromatomass-spectrometric analysis showed that the
consortium composed of aerobic mesophilic bacteria actively
consumed products present in vegetable homogenates.
Keywords:
biodegradation,
anaerobic digestion, cellulose containing wastes, Trihoderma viridae,
piloted spacecraft flights, microgravity conditions
tHERMODYNAMIC PREDICTION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES andVALUABLE PRODUCTS FROM WASTE OBTAINING
Abstract: The aim of the work was to develop effective environmental biotechnologies enabling to stop pollution of environment with a wide range of toxicants and transform them into commercially valuable products. Using the method
of thermodynamic prediction algorithm to create new
universal environmental biotechnologies was developed. Distinctive features of biotechnologies include: 1. fast and efficient
disposal of a wide range
of environmentally hazardous waste (decaying food and
agricultural waste, synthetic organic compounds, and
metal-containing waste water, etc.); 2. increase the
efficiency of biotechnologies due
to application of selected soil anaerobic
microorganisms; 3. obtaining of a wide range of valuable
products: gaseous fuels (hydrogen, methane), solid fuel
(unfermented lignin and cellulose residues), concentrate
of nonferrous metals (copper, chromium, etc.) and clean
water; 4. ability to scale and replicate typical
technologies of designated
purpose. Obtained
engineering and technological
parameters of universal biotechnologies indicate the prospects of
their large-scale industrial implementation.
Keywords: thermodynamic prediction, biotechnologies,
environmentally hazardous compounds, synthetic
organic compounds, metal-containing waste water,
biohydrogen, biomethane
Kristina Lazarova, Vyara Mamatarkova
Abstract: Bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are implemented usually in many biotechnological processes as bioleaching of metals from low grade ores and in some processes with ecological importance as purification of waste waters and gases, removal of metals from solid wastes.
Suspended
cultures and biofilm of Acidithiobacillus
ferrooxidans
JCM 3863 cultivated
in two media – with 15 and 18 g/l initial concentration of
iron ions. Biofilm and suspended cultures have been
cultivated in five consecutive cycles in each nutrient
medium in presence of 5 g/l copper ions to complete
oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions. In the end the biofilm
thickness has been determined.
Mean rates
of oxidation were compared for each cycle of cultivation. In
consecutive cultivation of suspended cells and biofilm in
medium 15K after addition of copper
ions the mean rates decrease in first three cycles, after that
they increase in cycles 4 and 5. In consecutive cultivation
of suspended cells in medium 18K the mean rates are
different for all cycles. In biofilm in medium 18K after
addition of copper
ions there is decrease of mean rates compared to the first
cycle, but they stay constant in the next cycles. Comparison
of mean rates of ferrous ions oxidation shows that in
biofilm they are higher than in suspended cultures.
From results of
presented research we can make the
conclusion that the biofilm is better than suspended cells for
industrial biotechnological processes in presence of copper
ions and high concentrations of ferrous ions.
ECOETHIC
PROBLEMS OF SALINE AND SALTY SOILS IN AZERBAIJAN
Mamedov, Garib Shamil Oglu
Abstract: Salinization of plain soils in Azerbaijan
Republic has a special place within the ecoethic problems.
Saline soils spread widely in Azerbaijan. Approximately
about 60% of the Kur-Araz lowland soils witch’s total area
is 2.2 million hectares, became medium and strongly saline
soils. In addition, saline soils are spread in
Siyazan-Sumgait, Jeyranchol areas, in the Nakhchivan
Autonomous Republic and other areas of Azerbaijan. In
general, moderate and intensive saline soils in the
territory of our Republic consist of 1.3 million hectare
total area. It means that 15% of the territory of the
Republic has suffered this Ecoethicproblem. As a result of carried investigations it was
defined that, 565481 hectares of the 1444.9 thousand
hectares or 47.6% of total irrigated suitable for
agriculture soils of the country, became saline in different
degrees (152898 ha or 27% of this less saline, 146235 ha or
25.9% average saline, 223838 ha or 39.6% intensive saline,
42510 ha, or 7.5% salty soils), 508.3 thousand hectares
(29.0%) of the different
saline degrees (385037 ha or 75.8% of the low
saline, 102110 ha, or 20.1% average saline, 21123 ha or 4.1%
intensive saline)
In the result of assessment of irrigated soils
it was defined that 385.1 thousand hectares of sil is
insufficient; in addition 103.4 thousand hectares of soil
where the level of ground water near the surface, 115.1
thousand hectares of intensive saline soil, 166.6 thousand
hectares are shown as the main reason for the combined
effect of both factors.
The main issue of sail washing is removal of
salts from soil where plant roots spread. Plant roots spread
layer implies one meter upper layer of the soil. Because,
most of the agricultural crops or their root systems are in
whole or partially spread under one meter. This layer is
called a report layer. Light and medium mechanical
composition soils are easy to clean as their water-leakage
ability is great.
The essence of the strip wash technology is the
area defined to be washed is divided into parallel 3-5 lines
depending on among-drain distance. The width of the central
section 100 m, but the edges of the strips are separated
into 50 meters. Washing the first begins with burial of the
central zone with water, in the second stage middle strips,
and in the third stage continues the burial of the edge
strips. The area is prepared for washing generally in
intermittent wash. Beds buried with water should be waited
for absorption of the water up to depth 1.5-2.0 m. After
that, the area is to be watered again. By this way washing
continues up to reaching required report norm.
Key words: ecoethic problems,salt quantity, producing, ground water granulometric composition
EVALUATION OF
COMPOSTING MATERIALS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL
APPLICATIONS
Evlogi
Markov, Nikolas Kathijotes, ElenaZlatareva,
Svetla Marinova
Abstract.
Natural resources are elements of the environment that
humans use as a means of production in order to achieve
economic development. The aim of the study is based on the
evaluation of the proposed 5 natural products /vermiculites,
glauconite, straw fly ash, wood biomass and pig manure/ in
different proportions to
develop various versions of compositions for use in
agricultural practice. On
the basis of the chemical and agrochemical characteristics
of the starting materials, 5 compost samples were prepared
from mixing the natural products in a different ratio. Thise analyzes
of the five starting products found,
that in vermiculites,
glauconite and
ash from straw the total amounts of the biogenic element
nitrogen and the sum of the mineral fractions of nitrogen
(ammonia and nitrate) were very small, whereas for wood
biomass and pigs manure
the content the total N is high. The content of
the tested heavy metals is much lower,
than the ones defined in the legislation. An exception is
made for vermiculite,
where the total amounts of chromium and nickel are above
the MRLs.
The
investigators found,
that the pH in
all the mixtures was in the alkaline region,
due to the alkaline reaction of the medium with all the
starting components. The sum of the mineral fractions of
nitrogen for the five mixtures ranges from 163.0 to 241.3 mg
/ kg. Moving forms of phosphorus and potassium show high
values as a result of mixing. No increase in heavy metal
values is observed in the different mixtures and the
reported values are below the MRLs. The five composts
represent a qualitative improver in their use in
agricultural practice.
Key
words:
vermiculite, glauconite,
straw fly ash,
wood biomass and pig
manure
Vladimir Ilinkin, Dimitar Dimitrov,
Peter Zhelev
Abstract: The paper presents results of an
investigation on Fluvisols located in “Kriva Bara” Sofia,
Bulgaria. Soil samples were taken from sixteen soil
profiles. The soil physical and chemical properties were
studied. The changes in physical and chemical properties at
varying soil depths were studied and the relationships among
different soil characteristics were tested by correlation
analysis. The results revealed that some soil
characteristics, such as soil texture, porosity and TKN,
changed strongly with soil depth, either negatively or
positively, while such relationships were moderately
expressed or statistically insignificant in the case of
other soil characteristics, such as soil reaction (pH), CaCO3,
silt content. There were significant correlations between
the physical and chemical soil properties in 49 out of 78
cases.
Key words: Fluvisols, physical properties,
chemical properties, gravel and sand deposit, quarry
Alexander Sadovski
Abstract: The development of sustainable agriculture in the European Union is one of the most important strategic objectives of the actual and future Common Agriculture Policy. One way
to environmentally use water as a non-renewable natural
resource in agriculture is to use information and computer
systems to determine the necessary irrigation time and
quantity norms to obtain optimal
actually possible yields of agricultural crops. At the
Institute of Soil Science "N. Pushkarov" an Automated system
for prognosis and management of irrigation regime was
developed. It is based on the two basic natural factors
influencing the agriculture, namely the solar radiation and
the soil-physical properties of the soil types. The basic models of dependencies that
make up the algorithms of the system are presented. The relationship
between energy water potential and yield is considered.
Key words: solar radiation,
soil-physical properties, scheduling irrigation
SIMULATION OF MICROGRAVITY IN
MICROBILOGICAL EXPERIMENTS ON BIODEGRADATION ACTIVITY
P. Angelov
Abstract: In the paper microgravity simulator devices used to conduct microbiological experiments are described. These devices are used to negate the directional influence of the “g” vector providing simulated conditions of micro or partial gravity. Two slow-rotating clinostats one with constant and one with variable speed as well as Random Positioning Machine (RPM) are used. The devises simulate microgravity by continuously changing the orientation of samples. The rotation minimizes the influence of Earth’s gravity on samples inside the devices. These simulations enable to research the influence of gravity on biological organisms. With their help, microbiological experiments with different strains were conducted in order to study their ability to degrade cellulose-containing substances under conditions of simulated microgravity.
Key words: microgravity, microbilogical experiment, microbilogical biodegradation